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Intro Chapter Chapter 1 pgs 1 17 Physiological Psychology Biopsychology branch of psychology that studies the relationship between behavior and the body brain Not to be confused with Neuroscience multidisciplinary study of the nervous system all aspects anatomical chemical physiological developmental genetics computer science neurology theoretical physics etc Origins of Physiological Psychology Mind Brain Problem The problem how they re connected the relationship what s the mind made of nature what s brain made of nature Brain physical world made of matter Mind thoughts feelings belong to physical world Two Philosophical Views Dualism two separate worlds for brain and mind The mind controls the brain by interacting with it try to answer 2nd Not typically found in scientific theories Monism both mind and brain belong to the same world the physical one physical world Materialism The mind is the product of physical processes in the brain emergent property Other view Idealism metaphysical world constitutes both everything is thought physical world doesn t exist Ren Descartes 17th century philosopher Instrumental in emergence from science out of philosophy Mathematician and biologist interested in how everything worked Dualist realized that extreme dualistic view impeded the advancement of human knowledge as seen in middle ages mind non physical body physical what was needed was a shift from all focused on the mind theology to having some think of the body and try to figure out how it works Body of every organism human too is a machine biological machine can eventually understand that machine built and how works In humans the mind interacts with the body at a single point in the brain pineal gland in middle of brain stem not doubled attached to rest of brain stem by a smaller stem and looks like it can move like a joystick What happens there is unknowable a miracle everything else is a machine and can be studied This change almost single handedly started the field of physiology 1 Put emphasis on the physical explanation of behavior 2 Provided a model of how the nervous system works Model simpler version of more complicated structure theory of how something works proposed mechanism for how something works Descartes Hydraulic Model Nerves are hollow tubes where a fluid animal spirit flows Cerebrospinal fluid animal spirit Pineal gland pumps the fluid through brain and nerves as it moves to other parts of the brain that s how we sense and feel causes arm to move Mind soul tilts the pineal gland to direct fluid to specific nerves specific muscles inflate move Bad it s wrong but Good it can be tested 1st on nervous system Galvani 1700 s his frogs nerves are like wires conducting electricity Helmholtz 1800 s how come nerves conduction speed is only 90 Ft sec Responsible for separation of psychology from philosophy Nature Nurture heredity environment innate learned Reflexes as close to 100 innate as we can get Basic philosophical question driving psychology along with mind body problem How much of brain behavior is due to heredity How much of brain behavior is due to the environment How much do heredity and environment interact Must understand basic Mendelian genetics to study brain and behavior Genetics Gene unit of heredity Found on chromosomes inside the nucleus of the cell Humans have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs 1 pair of sex chromosomes Y is a mutation of X modification of the female A gene is a portion of chromosome A chromosome is composed of DNA DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid double stranded chain of molecules bases Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine The order in which T A C G appear forms the code that carries all genetic information Dominant produces its effects regardless of which gene it is paired with Recessive produces its effect only when paired with the same recessive gene on the other chromosome Heterozygous different genes Homozygous identical genes Phenotype appearance of organism or behavior Genotype genetic makeup tall or short gene Tt TT tt Genes and their Effects 1 Characteristics determined by several gene pairs polygenic range of possible values such as with how tall a person will become affected by early nutrition pollution etc 2 Identical twins still have differences in brain any tiny difference between them can affect how the brain works and how the people look act


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