Anatomy 1 Unit 4 Study Guide 1 What is the only way muscle can cause movement 2 List the difference between an agonist antagonist synergist and neutralizer 3 Is the movement role for a muscle always the same Why or why not and give an example of each Agonist Antagonist Synergist Neutralizer 4 What makes up a lever system 5 What do levers help to gain advantage in 6 What are the components of a lever system 7 What are the two kinds of forces 8 What is a moment arm 9 What is torque 10 What is the equation for torque 11 Does resistance stay the same throughout motion 12 If the moment arm is longer what happens to torque What if the moment arm is shorter 13 Explain Isometric muscle contraction 14 Explain isotonic muscle contraction 15 Muscle tension is greater than resistance torque during what type of contraction 16 Muscle tension is equal to resistance torque during what type of contraction 17 Resistance torque is greater than muscle torque is what type of contraction Anatomy 1 Unit 4 Study Guide 18 During what type of contraction is the greatest force produced 19 What type of lever favors force 20 What type of lever favors speed and range 21 What class of lever is the body mainly composed of What class of lever is not found in the body system 22 What are the three phases of the muscle twitch Write them here and explain 23 What are the two ways in which graded muscle responses are determined 24 When two stimuli are in rapid succession and the second twitch is stronger than the first what is this called 25 What is the term for a smooth sustained contraction 26 What is a Multiple Motor Unit Summation Recruitment 27 What is the term for when a stimuli is too far apart to cause wave summation 28 What is the definition for muscle tone or tonus 29 What are dense bands What do they correspond to in skeletal muscle 30 What happens during smooth muscle contration 31 Is smooth muscle contraction fatigable or fatigue resistant 32 When describing how skeletal muscle contracts more forcefully when first stretched and smooth muscle contracts when stretched and then relaxes what are we referring to 33 Smooth muscle can contract to 2x it s resting length and still generate tension T F 34 The neurotransmitter for smooth muscle is always excitatory T F 35 Where is single unit visceral smooth muscle found Anatomy 1 Unit 4 Study Guide 36 What are the two layers of single unit smooth muscle What do they do during contraction 37 What is Rhythmicity What causes it 38 Single unit smooth muscle displays rhythmicity but multi unit smooth muscle does not T F 39 What helps to transmit stimuli across single unit smooth muscle fibers 40 What is the term for wave like series of contractions that move materials through the digestive track 41 In Multiunit smooth muscle the fibers are arranged in a specific order for contraction to occur properly T F 42 Multiunit smooth muscle is self exciting but single unit smooth muscle is not T F 43 Where is multiunit smooth muscle found 44 What system in the body is the master control and communication center 45 What do these abbreviations stand for a CNS b PNS c CN d ANS 46 What is the difference between an afferent efferent and association neuron 47 What are the functions of the nervous system 48 What are the two major divisions of the nervous system 49 What constitutes your CNS 50 Your spinal nerves are part of your CNS T F 51 Your cranial nerves are part of your PNS T F 52 Your PNS is comprised of your ANS and CNS T F 53 What is the difference between your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Where are these systems found Anatomy 1 Unit 4 Study Guide 54 The NS is highly cellular 80 cells T F 55 There are several types of conducting cells in the NS T F 56 Name the conducting cell s 57 Name the supporting cell s 58 A neuron cannot undergo mitosis T F 59 Supporting cells of the NS cannot undergo mitosis T F 60 What is the basic functional unit of the NS 61 What are some of the special characteristics of the neuron 62 What is a neuron made up of 63 Where are cell bodies located 65 What is the Perikaryon 64 What are the functional differences between axons and dendrites 66 The cell body of a neuron has no nucleus and no nucleolus T F 67 The cytoplasm of the cell body of a neuron contains mitochondria a golgi complex lysosomes neurofibrils and a rough ER T F 68 What are Nissl Bodies 69 There is always only one dendrite and many axons to a neuron T F 70 What is the term for the conical mass of cytoplasm found in the axon 71 What is the difference between telodendria and collateral branches 72 What is the axonal terminal synaptic knobs 73 What is the name of the axon cytoplasm 74 What is the axolemma 75 Describe myelin Why is myelin important Anatomy 1 Unit 4 Study Guide 76 The more myelin a nerve fiber has the slower it travels T F 77 What is a Node of Ranvier 78 Explain the process of myelination 79 What is your neurilemma 80 What is the difference between the processes of myelination in the CNS and the PNS 81 White matter contains no myelin T F 82 What are the three structural classes of neurons What are the differences between them How many processes Where are the found Afferent Efferent 83 Nerve bundle vs Nerve tract What s the difference 84 The endoneurium is a group of nerve fibers T F 85 The perineurium is a group of fascicles T F 86 The epineurium surrounds each nerve fiber T F 87 Explain nerve regeneration 88 What is Wallerian degeneration 89 In the CNS regeneration is almost always successful T F 90 Explain the steps of Propagation and Transmission 91 Resting membrane potential for a nerve cell is 60Mv T F 92 The plasma membrane is more permeable to K T F 93 Depolarization occurs when potassium rushes into the cell and the cell becomes negative past the point of the RMP T F 94 Repolarization occurs when potassium rushes into the cell and brings the cell back to its RMP T F Anatomy 1 Unit 4 Study Guide 95 Spike potential is when the cell reaches 35 due to the inflow of sodium ions into the cell T F 96 Hyperpolarization occurs when sodium rushes into the cell and the cell becomes too positive T F 97 What are short lived local changes in membrane potential 98 What is an action potential 99 What is threshold 100 Threshold stimulus causes depolarization of the membrane in What is the Hodgkin cycle What is the time between stimulus and depolarization called What is the difference between absolute refractory and relative refractory In motor neurons action