Exam 4 Study Guide underline on professor s study guide Chapter 14 Terms Characteristics of a Disorder o Atypical different than normal o Disturbing as determined by others SOCIAL o Maladaptive distressing disabling interferes w functioning o Unjustifiable can t be rationally justified Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM Criteria for diagnosing mental disorders o Classification describes clusters of symptoms Describe symptoms Predict future course Stimulate research into causes Imply treatment Major Depressive Disorder 17 common cold of mental disorders 2 weeks of symptoms for no obvious reason o Symptoms o Gender Women almost 2x as likely to be diagnosed w depression o Age Most often diagnosed in late adolescence through adulthood o Biological Causes of Depression Genetics identical twins 50 chance one will get it if other has had it Norepinephrine Serotonin levels lower o Cognitive Loneliness disruptions in social relations Learned Helplessness Negative Explanatory Attributional Style can t control important things in life blame negative events on factors o Social internal my fault stable won t change global affects whole life Rumination pattern of brooding repetitive thinking about negative events Major Depressive Disorder Treatment Bipolar Disorder o Cognitive techniques ID negative thoughts replace w adaptive thoughts o Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SSRIs Prozac o Electroconvulsive shock therapy extreme not common start stop o Mania state of hyperactivity wild optimism o Symptoms Uncontrollable cycles btwn depression mania don t know when Early mania stages enjoyable energy creativity optimism exhilaration confidence Later mania stages destructive sleeplessness distraction delusions of grandeur lose contact w reality think they are more important than they actually are Financial social sexual trouble strongly genetic also stress trigger o Causes o Treatment enjoy life somewhat normally Anxiety Disorders o Panic Disorder Symptoms crazy losing control dying Develop after 1st attack lithium most common mood stabilizer sometimes people forgo b c want to 1 3 heart racing breathing fast fainting feel helpless afraid of going o Fear of fear fear of having another panic attack o Agoraphobia fear of going outside 1st attack after stressful event illness miscarriage Causes Treatment no drugs needed if can get rid of fear therapy relaxation training meditation breathing exercises guided imagery exposure therapy experience symptoms accept relax cognitive behavioral therapy o Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD 4 Symptoms o Specific Phobic Disorders Causes constant arousal no reason excessive worry sensitive to criticism frequent childhood traumatic negative life experiences after stressful difficulty making decisions experience Treatment Phobias persistent irrational fear avoidance of specific object situation Causes tranquilizers Xanax Valium Librium dangerous w alcohol Actual experiences bad witness observe another s fear of same thing Evolution genetic fear of darkness heights snakes Often no need for drugs Therapy behavioral techniques Treatment 10 o Flooding o Systematic desensitization start small go bigger o Virtual reality systematic desensitization gradually expose to fear closer to 3 People have fear about certain things do things to confronting fears o Obsessive Compulsive Disorder fix fears maladaptive Symptoms Obsessions unwanted repeated thoughts Compulsions perform behavior rituals b c of obsessions reduce anxiety Qualifications 1 hr day consumed by obsessions compulsions Interference w work social life Common Manifestations of OCD Contamination germs excessive hand washing sanitizing Symmetry orderly symmetrical environment Causes Biological more activity in brain s caudate nucleus habits Learning through Operant Conditioning Behavioral exposure response prevention Cognitive combo of techniques Treatment o Relabeling obsessions compulsions not based in reality but are medical symptoms o Refocusing constructive behavior when obsession appears Dissociative Identity Disorder AKA Multiple Personality Disorder o Can be triggered by cough stress trauma alcohol use etc o Symptoms o Caused 2 IDs alters alternately control person s behavior by physical sexual abuse as child Imagines trauma is happening to someone o Reported cases skyrocket from 1970s now 1000 to 30000 Increases caused by movies 3 Faces of Eve 1950s Sybil 1970s none so rare 1 split mind in Latin mind split from reality losing touch w reality else o Treatment Schizophrenia affects thoughts perceptions feelings actions o Costs Homelessness 10 15 Drug Alcohol Addiction 50 Suicide 10 Delusions irrational beliefs about world o Positive Symptoms Persecution someone is trying to kill you Grandeur more important than you actually are Thought Broadcasting government agencies read your thoughts Hallucinations perceptions not actually there Auditory hearing things no one else is hearing Visual seeing things no one else is seeing o Negative Symptoms Disordered thinking incoherent speech weird thinking word salad Lack of Motivation problems w work school health etc Emotions flat inappropriate Poverty of Speech less talking fewer words lower verbal fluency Genetic identical twins 50 chance one will get it if other has it Non genetic prenatal viral infections oxygen deprivation at birth can cause problems o Causes to baby Brain Abnormalities Enlarged ventricles empty spaces in skull more empty space or less brain Gray matter reduced outside covering of brain cortex Dopamine over reactivity positive symptoms Low brain activity in frontal lobes negative symptoms o Treatment Mostly w anti psychotic meds Rule of Quarters get well not sick again take meds live independently take meds live in group facility won t recover o 15 won t respond to meds o 10 suicide
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