POB Exam 1 Review 1 Discuss venomous fish Venomous fish outnumber all invertebrates combined Venom research for allergy pain cancer o 50k people have been poisoned 2 Put the levels of organization in order from most inclusive to least inclusive Ecosystem o Consists of all the organisms living in a particular area nonliving environmental components Community Population Organism o All the living organisms in an ecosystem o Consists of a localized group of individuals of one species o An individual living entity 3 Discuss the flow of energy through the ecosystem Energy flows one way through an ecosystem with sun or solar energy Living Things Their Environment in and Heat out o Energy in heat out 4 What are the fundamental units of life Cells 5 Discuss the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells The fundamental units of life o Eukaryotic cells Contain membrane enclosed organelles including a DNA containing nucleus More complex cells o Prokaryotic cells Lack such organelles no nucleus 6 What is the storehouse of genetic information DNA 7 What are the six common characteristics of all living species Growth Development Energy use Response to environmental stimuli Ability to reproduce Ability to evolve 8 Who synthesized the theory of evolution What did he use to explain it Evolution Explains the Unity Diversity Charles Darwin synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection o Natural selection Is an editing mechanism that occurs when populations or organisms having inherited variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others 9 Discuss the three steps of natural selection Population with varied inherited traits Elimination of individuals with certain traits Reproduction of survivors 10 Type 1 Discovery Science Type 2 Hypothesis Science o Describes nature inductive reasoning o Explains nature deductive reasoning Discuss the two ways to learn about science Observations questions Hypotheses as tentative answers to questions What is a falsifiable prediction 11 Predictions that are made to be tested 12 Broad explanations with large bodies of evidence Define theories How is biology connected to our everyday lives 4 ways 13 Environmental problems solutions Genetic engineering Medicine Social issues many species What are all of the living organisms in an ecosystem True or False A population is a localized group of individuals of 14 Biotic Organism 15 TRUE 16 Hypothesis Science 17 Most of the substance of Earth its ocean and all living things was formed by stars Every chemical element heavier than hydrogen helium and lithium was manufactured and released into space by stars The Big Bang Theory is an example of what type of science What do stars have to do with biology 18 When did the Big Bang occur Approximately 14 billion years ago 19 A giant star collapses compacts densely and explodes Supernova is an explosion that releases enough heat energy to form How to build a galaxy What is a supernova heavier elements Describe nebula clouds o Clouds can condense to form new solar systems 20 After a supernova explosion clouds are left Explain how a solar system is formed 21 The nebula cloud begins to spin flatten into a disk o The center of the disk forms the sun The rest of the disk condenses into the planets 22 What are the four layers of the earth from the most to the least dense Inner core outer core mantle crust 23 24 3 5 miles thick Define gravity How thick is the Earth s crust 25 Volcanic activity released most of the water on earth How did Earth obtain most of its water o Vapor in the atmosphere eventually condensed into clouds 26 25 different chemical elements How many elements make up living organisms o Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen 96 of all life on earth 27 Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen What are the four PRIMARY elements that make up living beings o 96 of all life on earth 28 Tooth Decay How is fluoride important o Caries the most common chronic disease of children 29 A chemical element present only in minute amounts in a particular What is a trace element sample or environment What element is someone lacking if they have a goiter Atoms consist of what Lack of iodine in a person s diet 30 Protons Neutrons electrons 31 Define atom the smallest particle of matter that still retains the properties of an element is an atom o made up of protons neutrons located in a central nucleus nucleus is surrounded by electrons electron shell How can we determine the number of protons neutrons and electrons in an atom 32 of protons the atomic of electrons of protons Mass of protons neutrons neutrons mass atomic 33 What determines an element Distinguished by o Specific number of protons o Number of neutrons o Some are radio active Isotopes variant forms of an element True or false The number of neutrons in an atom may vary 34 True 35 36 Electron Shells What is the result of number 39 Where are electrons located in an atom o 1st electron shell o Outermost electron shell Can hold 2 electrons Can hold 8 electrons 37 The arrangement of electrons 38 Discuss covalent bonds What determines the chemical properties of an atom Join atoms into molecules through electron sharing o Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons Forming molecules which can be represented many ways Discuss polar and nonpolar bonds 39 Nonpolar Bonds Polar Bonds o If its covalently bonded atoms share electrons equally o Electrons are shared unequally between atoms 40 Discuss hydrogen bonds Weak but important o Charged regions on water molecules are attached to the oppositely charged regions on nearby molecules What effects on water do hydrogen bonds have 41 Makes the molecule very sticky Cohesive o Very important feature for most living things 42 Discuss evaporative cooling A water molecule takes energy with it when it evaporates o As water cools a slight drop in temperature releases large amount of heat Why does ice float 43 Ice is less dense than liquid water Therefor is less dense o Molecules are held farther apart How are aqueous solutions formed Why is number 48 important to the environment 44 Floating ice protects lakes and oceans from freezing 45 Polar or charged solutes dissolve when water molecules surround them 46 47 48 Compounds containing carbon What is the effect of stirring a solution How many covalent bonds can carbon form What are organic molecules o Used by living things What are hydrocarbons 49 Molecules only composed of