Principles of Biology Exam 1 Study Guide Downloads 1 7 Download 1 Properties and Processes associated with life Order Reproduction Growth and Development Energy Processing Regulation Response to the Environment Evolution Adaption Ecosystem Consists of all the organisms living in a particular area as well as the physical components with which the organisms interact such as air water soil and sunlight Community The entire array of organisms in an ecosystem Population Includes all the individuals of a particular species living in an area Organism Individual living thing Two types of cells Prokaryote First to evolve Very simple Does not show organelles Does not have a true nucleus Eukaryote Evolved from a prokaryote Contains various organelles Defined by a true nucleus All ecosystems are closed except for solar energy in and heat out DNA The genetic information for constructing the molecules that make up cells and organelles Morphology The study of structures Natural Selection An editing mechanism that occurs when populations or organisms having inherited variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor some individuals over others Falsifiable predictions are made and tested Two ways we learn about nature 1 Discovery Science via Inductive Reasoning 2 Hypothesis Science via Deductive Reasoning Download 2 Universe Galaxy Solar System Planets Moons 25 elements are essential to life 96 of living matter is composed of C H O and N The Big Bang Theory The universe expanded rapidly from a single point and gradually cooled This led to the formation of atoms and eventually galaxies and stars How Galaxies were formed A giant star collapses compacts densely and then explodes into a supernova Supernova The explosive death of a massive star Explosions leave behind a Nebula Cloud Nebula Clouds An immense interstellar cloud of dust and gas primarily Hydrogen How to build a Solar System A cloud spins flattens into a disk the center forms a sun and the rest of the disk condenses into the planets Stars made every chemical heavier than hydrogen helium and lithium Four Layers of Earth 1 Inner Core 2 Outer Core 3 Mantle 4 Crust thinnest layer Caries The scientific term for tooth decay Prevented by Fluorine Atom The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element Subatomic Particles Protons Electrons Neutrons none Four Rules about Atoms 1 Atomic Number The number of Protons Electrons 2 Mass Number The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 3 Atomic Mass Approximately equal to the mass number in Daltons 4 The number of Neutrons equals the difference of the mass number and the atomic number All atoms of a particular element have the same unique number of protons This is how they are distinguished Isotopes Atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons and behave identically in chemical reactions but they have different numbers of neutrons Radioactive Isotope One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy Bonds Chemical Bonds The attraction that holds atoms close together Covalent Bond Two atoms each with an unpaired electron in its outer shell actually share a pair of electrons Enables the atom to fill its outer shell Nonpolar Covalent Bonds Electrons are shared equally between atoms Polar Covalent Bonds The unequal sharing of electrons These have a tendency to be more active Hydrogen Bonds Cohesion Surface Tension Cohesion The intermolecular attraction between like molecules Surface Tension A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Acts as if a thin elastic film were covering the liquid Water is the universal solvent of life regardless of the solute Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid o Hydrogen bonds hold molecules in ice further apart than liquid water Evaporative Cooling When a substance evaporates the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down Occurs because the molecules with the greatest energy leave Download 3 Life s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon Hydrocarbons Compound of only hydrogen and carbon Isomers Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures How Carbons Vary 1 Size Length 2 Branching 3 Multiple Bonds Prefixes and Suffixes to know Hydro Water Lysis Break Di Two Phobic Fear Ose Sugar Ase Enzyme Function Groups Groups of atoms that confer specific properties to a group Functional Groups of Organic Compounds 1 Hydroxyl Group a OH b Ex Alcohol 2 Carbonyl Group a C O b Ex Aldehyde Ketone 3 Carboxyl Group a COOH b Ex Carboxylic Acid 4 Amino Group a NH2 b Ex Amine 5 Phosphate Group a OP32b Ex Organic Phosphate ATP Four Major Classes of Biological Molecules 1 Carbohydrates 2 Lipids 3 Proteins 4 Nucleic Acid Monomers make chains of polymers builds molecules Cells link monomers to form polymers by a dehydration reaction Hydrolysis is used when breaking down monomers Carbohydrates The simplest monomers are monosaccharaides o Glucose and Fructose are Isomers sugar 2 monomers form disaccharides o 2 or more form polysaccharides Lipids Consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds They are grouped together because they are hydrophobic afraid of water Considered an exception to the monomer polymer concept because we do not see repeating units Fats triglycerides are lipids whose main function is to store energy Naturally Occurring Steroids o Testosterone o Estrogen o Glucocorticoids o Mineralocorticoids Anabolic steroids are synthetic variants of testosterone o Gynecomastia The growth of abnormally large breasts in men Proteins Polymers constructed by amino acids o Some proteins are enzymes Enzymes Proteins that regulate chemical reactions Peptide bonds hold together amino acid monomers to form polypeptides proteins Each Amino Acid Contains 1 An Amino Group 2 A Carboxyl Group 3 An R Group a This group varies Distinguishes each of the 20 amino acids determines properties Nucleic Acids Information rich polymers of nucleotides o Nucleotides are made of sugar phosphate and a nitrogenous base Download 4 Planet Earth was formed 4 6 billion years ago Fossilized prokaryotes called stromatolites date back 3 5 billion years Fossil A remnant of an organism of a past geological age embedded and preserved in the Earth s crust Stromatolites are the oldest macroscopic evidence of life on Earth to date Membrane A thin pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating regions of an organism