Psychology Study Guide Answers Chapter 1 and 2 Chapter 1 1 Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes 2 3 It started 150 years ago although the interest is not new a Science looks to answer basic questions about thinking feeling and behaving b Profession applies this info to real people and situation how brain and nervous system impact behavior diagnose and address psych disorders improve d Social e Personality c Developmental a Behavioral Neuroscience b Clinical and Counseling adjustment levels identify influences on these patterns too environment and culture setting predictions based on these differences to illness Industrial Organizational productivity and worker well being j Evolutionary Behavioral Genetics behavioral characteristics g Experimental h Cognitive i f Health identify typical growth and change patterns prenatal to death explore impact of others on behavior thoughts feelings immediate focus individual differences and characteristics today interest in explore impact of stress coping skills id contributing factors behaviors classic laboratory research sensation and perception learning memory decision making attention judgments psych in organizations and work settings increase nature vs nurture survival value of certain 4 5 a There are approximately 300 000 psychologists b 35 work in clinical setting c Clinical counseling developmental social personality experimental industrial organization cognitive d 3 most popular clinical counseling developmental e Psychologist vs Psychiatrist PhD vs MD both provide psychotherapy both can teach do research often work together only psychiatrist can provide medication Just over 50 of today s psychologists are female the number is increasing 6 7 6 of psychologists are in racial minority groups limits the diversity of the field 8 b Behavioral a Psychodynamic belief behavior is result of environment thoughts conscious or Freud said unconscious motives determine behavior today s focus still on unconscious needs motives explores development of self concept unconscious are not important solving and learning including culture focus on mental tasks memory intelligence perception problem focus on the relationship between behavior and social settings believe in free will freedom to choose one s own destiny c Humanistic d Cognitive e Socio Cultural i Social psychology relationships or behavior behavior ii Cultural psychology f Bio psychological neuroscience study of groups social roles expectations study of cultural norms values and expectations and i Attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body genetic influences hormones and the activity of the nervous system behavior thoughts feelings can also impact the body ii Evolutionary perspective focus on the biological bases of universal mental behavioral characteristics behavior that has a adaptive on survival value continues 9 Application 10 Psychology is considered a science because it is based on the scientific method 11 Using research methods to study psychology gives people insight on other peoples 12 Systematic 13 Representative how well do measures represent what you want how well do subjects does the data extend apply to other groups thoughts actions and behaviors organized and representative Empiricism knowledge through objective observation conclusions are based on careful systematic observation and consensus this is what gives psychologists confidence in results represent who you want Generalizability gender age cultural group urban rural observations they need multiple supporting studies Hypothesis specific testable prediction based on theory can test with on study there are many hypotheses for any given study study analyze results 4 Report Revise Extend general ideas about how things work possible explanation for your 1 Make observations 2 Form a hypothesis 3 Test design run a 15 Scientific Method 14 Theory Standardized Tests Developed tests with Immediate info about Money not available 16 Sources of Data Sources of Data Observations Definition Look and record natural vs lab Survey Interview Ask people for data Physiological Measures norms built in comparison groups Biological tests looking in body Pro First hand real behavior Do lots at once of people reached Con Expensive change when watched Lies validity score for everyone Validity immediate Money not available comparisons mind body connections for everyone Only 1 person generalize Case Study Lots of detail on 1 Rich with data ideas 17 Psychologists 4 goals person a Description what is happening What does it look like b Prediction will it happen again Relationships associations c Explanation why is it happening Causes d Control can it be changed Application 18 19 A study would be purely descriptive if it was only covering what was happening at that moment 20 21 Conducting an Experiment a Correlation mathematical measure of relationship correlation coefficient r represents relationship r tells you are the variables related if so how strong is the relationship What direction is the relationship b Positive correlation variable related in same direction c Negative correlation variables related in opposite direction d 0 correlation no relationship a Start with 2 or more groups b Treat them exactly the same except for 1 thing independent variable c Then see if the IV caused anything by measuring a variable you expect to change as a result of it dependent variable d Compare groups if you have a difference between groups on the DV you know IV caused it i Single blind study controls Placebo effect ii Double bind study controls for Placebo and exp bias Chapter 2 22 23 1 2 a Nervous System extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body b Behavioral Neuroscientist interested in relationship of nervous system to behavior and learned biopsychology a CNS brain and spinal cord b PNS all nerves and neurons not in the CNS i Somatic Nervous System voluntary carries sensory info and controls 1 Sensory pathway afferent from senses to CNS 2 Motor pathway efferent from CNS to voluntary muscles ii Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary muscles organs skeletal muscles and glands 1 Sympathetic division fight or flight reacting to stressful events and body arousal 2 Parasympathetic division heal and grow restores body to normal functioning after arousal responsible for day to day functioning of organ glands 3 Neuron basic cell in nervous system
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