FAD4936 Contexts of Adolescence Spring 2014 Exam 2 Study Guide Note this is a guide it is not intended to be an exhaustive list of exam topics Make sure to read all assigned chapters and view all videos lectures Chapter 6 aware o Basic self concept Dimensions of the self self a person s personality or nature of which that person is Self concept a person s conscious cognitive perception and evaluation of him herself one s thoughts and opinions about oneself Basic self concept is the adolescent s view of his or her personality and perceptions of his abilities status and roles in the outer world o Transitory self concepts these ideas of self are influenced by the mood of the moment or by a recent or continuing experience low test grade feeling stupid o Social selves the selves he or she thinks others see which in turn influence how the individual sees him herself if he she thinks others think they are boring they will think of themselves this way o Ideal self the kind of person an adolescent would like to be Possible selves the people that adolescents might be someday o hoped for selves the people we wish to become o expected selves the people we think we will likely become o feared selves the people we dread becoming What contributes to a positive self concept o Significant others individuals who occupy a high level of importance they are influential and their opinions are meaningful o Parents quality of family relations during adolescence is associated with their levels of self esteem o Socioeconomic status generally low SES students have lower self esteem than high SES students and the effects of SES appear to be stronger with increasing age o Race Ethnicity research shows that African American adolescents have the highest self esteem especially when they are not exposed to white prejudices Asian American youths have the lowest self esteems and Latinos are somewhere in the middle o Gender adolescent girls have lower self esteems than adolescent boys o Disabilities individuals with physical disabilities have negative body images and therefore have more difficulty developing positive self concepts and self esteems o Stress stress and self concept are negatively correlated in adolscents as stress goes up self esteem goes down Erikson s view on identity development o How does identity develop What contributes to a strong identity 1 Temporal perspective vs time confusion gaining a perspective of time is pertinent to development does not happen until 15 16 FAD4936 Contexts of Adolescence Spring 2014 Exam 2 Study Guide 2 Self certainty vs self consciousness developing self confidence based on past experiences so that a person believes in themselves and believes that there is a reasonable chance of accomplishing future aims 3 Role experimentation vs role fixation adolescents can experiment with many different identities those who have lost initiative with never find out who they really are 4 Apprenticeship vs work paralysis the opportunity of exploring different occupations a negative self image can prevent a person from succeeding at school or on the job 5 Sexual polarization vs bisexual confusion Erikson believed it is important that adolescents develop a clear identification with one sex or the other as a basis for future sexual intimacy and a firm identity 6 Leadership and followership vs authority confusion requires the adolescent to make inferences on where to assume leadership and where to abide by authority 7 Ideological commitment vs confusion of values Erikson emphasized that individuals ned something to believe in or to follow Diffused those adolescents who have not experienced a crisis and explored meaningful alternatives or made and commitments in finding an acceptable identity Foreclosure establishing an identity without search or exploration usually according to what has been handed down by parents Moratorium a period of time in the life of adolescents who are involved in a continual crisis who have continued to search for an identity and who have not made any commitments Achieved those adolescents who have undergone a crisis in their search for an identity and have made a commitment o Marcia s identity statuses Identity as a process identity control system describes the process of developing an identity consists of o two interpersonal components one s social behavior the interpersonal feedback one gets from other o and three intrapersonal factors Self concept One s identity standards beliefs about how one should behave A comparator asses the similarities between the two Three styles of identity searching o Informational style seek out diagnostic info and modify their plans and behaviors if necessary to match it moratorium and identity achieved o Normative style resistant to change and block out discrepant info foreclosed o Avoidant style put off making decisions and evade feedback when they do make changes they are superficial and short lived diffused FAD4936 Contexts of Adolescence Spring 2014 Four patterns of acculturation Exam 2 Study Guide o Separation involves exclusive focus on the cultural values and practices of the ethnic group and little or no interaction with the dominant society o Assimilation the opposite occurs when an ethnic group member chooses to identify solely with the culture of the dominant society and to relinquish all ties to his or her ethnic heritage o Integration characterized by strong identification and involvement with both the dominant society s culture and the traditional ethnic culture o Marginality defined by the absence or loss of one s culture of origin and the lack of involvement with the dominant society o Blended biculturalism the state in which one finds the commonalties between one s ethnic and mainstream identities o Alternating biculturalism the state in which one vacillates between following one s ethnic beliefs and those of the societal mainstream o Fusion the state in which on has merged one s ethnic traditions and those of the cultural mainstream into a new whole Gender identity o gender schema theory a revised cognitive developmental approach to gender that emphasizes the effects of labeling attention and interest in developing gender beliefs o social learning theory suggests that a child learns sex typed behavior the same way he or she learns any other behavior through a combination of reward punishment direct instruction and modeling o androgyny gender role transcendence a blending of male and female characteristics o