Final Study Guide Chapter 1 Paradox of Progress today we have more technological advances more leisure time and choices than ever before however our perceived quality of life is worse Paradox of Progress Explanations a Traditional sources of emotional security family community and religion have been lost well being b Overwhelmed by rapid cultural change c Mental demands of modern life have become too complex d Excessive materialism has weakened social ties made us insecure undermines sense of Search for Direction use self help books Quality Self help Book Characteristics clarity in communication realistic don t promise too much change too soon authors have good credentials theoretical or research basis provide detailed directions about how to alter your behavior focus on a particular kind of problem Adjustment psychological processes through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of everyday life Independent Variable variable that is changed in order to see its impact Empiricism premises that knowledge should be acquired through observation Dependent Variable variable affected by the manipulations of the independent variable Experimental Group group that receives special treatment Control Group group that doesn t receive special treatment Positive Correlations two variables covary in the same direction up up Negative Correlations two variables covary in the opposite direction up down Correlation Coefficient the degree of relationship that exists between two variables Strong 1 00 or 1 00 Weak near 0 Determinants of Happiness Very Important love marriage job satisfaction genetics personality Moderately Important health social activity religion culture Not Important money age gender parenthood intelligence beauty Chapter 2 Personality an individual s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits Personality Trait a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in situations Big Five OCEAN Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion or positive emotionality Agreeableness Neuroticism or negative emotionality Humanism emphasizes the unique qualities of humans especially their free will and their potential for personal growth Behaviorism scientific psychology should study observable behavior Psychoanalysis Freud personality is governed by unconscious forces that we cannot control childhood experiences play a significant role in determining adult personality personality is shaped by the manner in which children cope with sexual urges Structuralism role of the unconscious in shaping personality two layers of unconscious Jung s Unconscious Two Layers Personal Unconscious same material as Freud s unconscious layer Collective Unconscious contains traces of memories shared by the entire human race inherited from our ancestors Psychodynamic Theories of Personality Strengths unconscious forces may contribute to personality internal conflict may play a key role in psychological distress early childhood experiences can influence adult personality people may rely on defense mechanisms to reduce unpleasant emotions Weaknesses poor testability inadequate evidence sexist Pavlov s Classical Conditioning involuntary Skinner s Operant Conditioning voluntary Roger s Views On Self concept personality only has this Development conditional unconditional love Defensive Behavior Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs systematic arrangement of needs according to priority in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused Chapter 3 Primary Appraisal initial evaluation of the relevance level of threat and degree of stress the event brings Secondary Appraisal if it is stressful we then make an evaluation of our ability to cope Ambient Stress chronic negative conditions embedded in the environment Acute Stressors threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint Chronic Stressors threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit Anticipatory Stressors upcoming or future events that are perceived to be threatening Frustration can lead to anger hostility aggression Internal Conflicts Types Approach approach must make a choice between two attractive goals Avoidance avoidance must make a choice between two unattractive goals Approach avoidance must choose whether or not to pursue ONE goal which has both pros and cons greatest stressor Chapter 4 Giving up people may develop learned helplessness creates a passive reaction to stressful events rather than active problem solving Aggression people act out toward others who had nothing to do with their frustration displacement Indulging Yourself when stressed by events that are going poorly some people seek out alternative sources of satisfaction in excess Defense Mechanisms largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt shield us from emotional discomfort caused by stress Constructive Coping a Confronting problems directly b Effort c Realistic appraisals of stress and coping resources d Learning to recognize and manage disruptive emotional reactions to stress e Learning to exert some control over potentially harmful or destructive habitual behaviors Humor can lessen the negative impact of stress on mood Positive Reinterpretation recognizes that things could be worse utilizes searching for Categories of Constructive Coping 1 Appraisal focused 2 Problem focused 3 Emotion focused something good in a bad experience Systematic Problem Solving 1 Clarify the problem 2 Generate alternative courses of action 3 Evaluation alternatives and select a course of action 4 Take action while maintaining flexibility Seeking Help often helpful to seek aid from friends family coworkers and neighbors Chapter 5 Type A Personality competitive impatient angry hostile Heart Disease hostile people 2x as likely to get this than non hostile Stress stress causes illness and bad health Smoking Health Risks greater risk of premature death 13 14 years shorter life expectancy lung other cancers hypertension stroke and other cardiac diseases Quitting normal health levels after 15 years difficult many people fail several times before succeeding Chapter 6 Self concept an organized collection of beliefs about the self Self schemas personality traits abilities physical features values goals social roles Possible Selves one s conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future Individualistic Cultures put personal goals