Second test study guide 1 the voting behavior of Korea Voter turnout is presidential elections is a little higher than that of legislative elections Political parties Short life democracy Level of Urbanization Traditionally the lower the level of urbanization the higher the voter turnout is Why It is easy to mobilize voters of rural areas Regionalism Strong ties between certain regions and parties Began in 1967 presidential election Election issue Democracy vs Anti democracy Liberals favor North Korea Voting along party lines rather than policy lines Ex recent presidential election The role of young voters Low voter turnout Recent participation with the development of social media Individual oriented rather than party oriented voting Weak party affiliation Top down development New ruling parties created with each change of regimes Liberal Party 1951 1960 by Rhee Syngman Democratic Republican Party 1963 1980 by Park Chung Hee Democratic Justice Party 1981 1990 by Chun Doo Hwan 2 Korea was a bicameral system under 3 the electoral system of Korea Elections in Korea 1st election universal suffrage was held in 1948 without any experience of First Republic Presidential election Indirect direct election electing a vice president from opposing party on a Legislative System Unicameral with SMD system majority rule Second republic Parliamentary system wher the president was symbolic Bicameral system majority rule Third republic Presidential system Mixed electoral system majority rule Proportional 131 seats by SMD local level 44 seats by PR national level 1st party was given excessive seats If the 1st party gets more than 50 by separate ballot SMD PR seats were given proportionally if less than 50 1 2 the number of PR seats were given 2 500 government puppets 73 representatives 1 3 of total seats were directly appointed by the president 146 representatives from 73 districts 2 candidates elected in each district Allowing ruling party to take the majority Fifth republic Indirect presidential election 7 year term elected by 5 000 presidential electoral college Mixed system 184 representatives from 94 districts 2 candidates were elected in each district 92 seats were assigned proportionally Sixth Republic 1987 First democracy Direct presidential election single five year term Mixed system 224 seats from SMD 1 district 1 candidate 75 seats from PR proportional to SMD voting rate No independent candidates were allowed Forth republic Indirect presidential elections in 1972 1978 and 1979 The president was indirectly elected by the National Council for Unification After 2004 Mixed electoral system Each individual has 2 ballots 1 for candidates 1 for parties 243 seats from SMD system 1 district elects 1 candidate 56 seats are proportionally assigned 4 After the civilian government was established in 1993 student movements the role of Korean student in politics First Republic Supported at first but protested against Syngman later Finally forced Syngman to resign in 1960 Second Republic parliamentary system Relatively strong voice within a weak government Third Forth and Fifth republic Advocated for democracy Anti military anti dictatorship and anti American after 1980 movements The role of students in politics Generally students in Korea actively participated in political activities Students did not receive wide support from the middle class before 1987 as they tended to be radical by the Korean people s standards became less supported alienated classes Military The military had been involved in politics from the First Republic Rhee used the military for the advantage in elections After military coup in 1961 and later General Park and his supporters 3rd Republic Regional ties and military factions within the military Academy Hanahoe social club by region usually the SE section of the country 1980 Student military mass media and interest groups The Hanahoe members General Jeon Doo Hwan mounted another coup in Now student movements tend to be radical and represent the rights of the Mass Media 5 political parties of Taiwan As of June 2009 a total of 148 political parties had been registered Major Kuomintang Democratic Progressive Party Minor New Party People First Party Taiwan Independent Party Taiwan Solidarity Union Political parties had been banned until 1986 Practically 1 party KMT system Young China Party and the China Democratic Socialist Party The appearance of opposition party Tangwai unofficial opposition party in the 1970 s A loose political organization which was the group of opposing politicians Tangwai campaigned as an organization in the 1980 s The end of martial law in 1987 6 Taiwan and Korea have in common in the sense that 7 Taiwanese KMT Kuomintang KMT Kuomintang Nationalist Party leader of the Pan Blue Coalition Established in 1912 by revolutionary group Sun Yat sen Dominated Taiwanese politics until 2000 One China policy pro market and capitalism Structure Similar to Leninist Party National Congress Party Chairman Central Committee Central Standing Committee Secretary General Top down decision making 8 Taiwan s election history Long history of election 1st election held under Japanese rule in 1930 s at the local level Since 1950 under the protection of the US local elections have been held regularly Ex County magistrates municipality mayors provincial assemblymen as well as county and city councilmen were held quite regularly First competitive national election in 1980 KMT vs opposition candidates KMT won Why so late Stated reason The government should represent all of China but the Mainland is under Communist control Real reason the government feared the fast democracy would engender political instability ethnic tension especially First two party election in 1986 KMT vs DPP KMT won First direct presidential election in 1996 KMT Lee Teng hui and Lien Chan 54 DPP Peng Ming min and Frank Hsieh 21 1 Lin Yang kang and Hau Pei tsun 14 9 Chen Li an and Wang Ching feng 10 First opposition party president in 2000 DPP Chen Shui bian and Annette Lu 39 3 James Soong and Chang Chau hsiung 36 8 KMT Lien Chan and Vincent Siew 23 1 Hsu Hsin liang and Josephine Chu 0 63 New Party Li Ao and Elmer Fung 0 13 Electoral System Each individual has 1 ballot 168 members from 29 districts multi member district elections 8 are elected from aboriginal constituencies minorities Legislative election Before 2005 49 by PR system Legislative election After 2005 Each individual has 2 ballots 1 for candidates and