Second test study guide 1 The voting behavior of Korea a Voting Behavior i ii Voter turnout in presidential election is a little higher than that of legislative election Level of urbanization 1 Traditionally as the lower level of urbanization the higher the voter turnout is A It is easily to mobilize voters of rural area 2 Why i b Voting Behavior Regionalism 1 2 Election issue 1 2 ii c Voting Behavior Strong ties between certain regions and parties began in 1967 presidential election Democracy vs anti democracy Now economy and other issues becomes important A Ex 2007 presidential election i ii Low voter turnout Recent participation with the development of social media The role of young voters 1 2 Individual oriented rather than party oriented voting 1 Weak party affiliation 2 Korea and bicameral system a Second Republic was the only Bicameral System everything else unicameral 3 The electoral system of Korea history a Elections in Korea i First election universal Suffrage was held in 1948 without any experience of democracy i ii iii iv i i ii b When was the first direct presidential election i Sixth Republic c 2 ballots One for party and One for candidate 4 The role of Korean students in politics a Active or not Changes in movement over time Generally students in Korea actively participate in political activities Students did not receive wide support from the middle class before 1987 as they tended to be radical After the civilian government was established in 1993 student movement became less supported Now student movements still tend to be radical and represent the rights of alienated class 5 Political parties of Taiwan major parties a Top Down Development Parties are created for the purpose of securing political support or manipulating voters b New ruling parties with each change of regimes c KMT and DPP and the history of each party Political Parties 1 KMT 2 Est in 1912 by revolutionary group Sun Yat sen 3 Dominated Taiwanese politics until 2000 4 One China policy pro market and capitalism 5 Structure 6 Leninist party National Congress Party Chairman Central Committee Central Standing committee Secretary General DPP Democratic Progressive Party 1 The first opposition party founded in 1986 2 Chen Shui bian was elected as the president in 2000 and 2004 3 Social welfare policies human rights and democracy and Taiwan s independence 4 Structure 5 Similar to KMT Leninist Party structure 6 Nation Congress central committees etc 6 Common characteristics between Korea Taiwan and Japan electoral system a Comparison questions b All mixed electoral systems c Presidential or Parliamentary or Mixed Government System d Does not have strong left and right policy spectrum e Military rule in Korea and directly involved in politics until 1993 7 Taiwan s election history a When was first election i First election was held under Japanese rule in the 1930s 8 Sun Yat sen s Three People s Principles a Nationalism Democracy and Peoples Livelihood Accepted by both KMT and opposition parties i 9 Taiwan s Pan Blue Pan Green Coalition a Dominant political issue in Taiwan is its relationship with China b KMT Pan Blue Coalition Chinese Reunification Kuomintang People first Party New Party c DPP Pan Green Coalition Seek Independence Taiwan Solidarity Union Taiwan Independence Party 10 General characteristic of Japanese election a One party LDP domination The Domination of LDP from 1955 to 1993 1 Rare Political coalitions b The success of LDP i ii iii iv economic prosperity No viable competition weak opposition parties Electoral system favored LDP The role of Koenkai i i i 11 Two unique structural characteristics of LDP local level national level a LDP domination one time loss only usually LDP is really strong and opposition is very weak b LDP Liberal Democratic Party i ii relies on a network of patron client relationships on both national and local levels National Level Faction 1 Consists of members of the Diet who commit themselves to the leadership of senior party figure ties between individual members to powerful party leaders 2 Has own supporters ex Local farmers construction industry white collar workers etc iii Local Level Koenkai 1 2 Diet members maintain Koenkai local Support gorups to keep in touch with public opinion and gain votes and financial banking a mechanism through which a number of benefits are distributed to members in exchange for support of the candidate at election time 3 Koenkai remained particularly important in the overrepresented rural areas you scratch my back I ll scratch yours iv Lost for the first time in 1993 12 1985 Japanese election example why and how does it matter a Ex in 1985 election i ii 550 000 voters vs 111 000 voter per Diet member The overrepresentation of rural area where LDP were strong supported favored LDP b LDP has strong rural area votes therefore this election system benefits LDP 13 Before and after1994 Japanese electoral system a Electoral Reform in Japan They begin to use normal mixed electoral system PR and SMD b Political financing New System of public funding subsidizes political parties up to 40 of party income c Before 1994 Multimember district How does this effect candidates behavior i i i 14 Domestic groups in Japan a The role of the press i ii Relatively small role no major campaigns thru media Tends not to investigate news on politicians gov officials b Agricultural community Powerful group in the past Gov Protects agricultures economic interests Strong trade barriers high price for rice and other products Extremely weak political actors Generally tied with minor parties i ii iii c Labor d i ii Student i ii Tended to be left conducted anti US movements during 60s and 70s Political Apapathy 15 Economic policies under each republic of Korea a Park Chung Hee i ii iii Economic Development clean government Political legitimacy of military coup 1 Decrease of American foreign aids pressure to economic liberalization Strong economic intervention Adopting EOI Export Oriented Industrialization 1 a set of policies to spur manufacturing for export often through subsidies and incentives for export production 10 growth rate exports growth 40 times between 1963 1973 2 The promoting of Chaebol business conglomerate b Diplomatic normalization with Japan in 1965 c Need for foreign Capitals i Investments on heavy industry between 1974 and 1978 i ii Korea still had a comparative advantage in labor intensive industries National security consideration self defense 1