Abnormal Psychology Abnormal behavior 1 Psychological dysfunction breakdown in cognitive emotional and behavioral dysfunction 2 Personal distress some are not distressed psychopath 3 Atypical not culturally expected letting a spirit invade you and speak through you may be normal if you are from an African tribe 4 Impairment 1 or more area adjustment difficulty insurance pays for History Supernatural Tradition Mental illness is due to a demon possession or the devil o Exorcism but if that didn t work then make the body really cold and a place the demon would not want to inhabit Exorcisms are still done today Biological Tradition Hippocrates 460 377 BC saw psych disorders in the brain Galen 129 198 AD developed the humoral theory The belief was that there were 4 humors in the body blood black bile yellow bile phlegm unbalanced mental illness o Induced vomiting making the body cold o Hysteria believed that since it was seen more in the women it was a result of a wandering uterus empty and seeking a child Emil Karepelin 1856 1926 o Developed a class System of mental disorder o Believed that certain symptoms formed patterns that appeared to be distinct mental illness o Believed each specific bio factors and each had a course and o He was 1st to term manic depressive insanity bipolar also outcome schizophrenia Medicine Thorazine began as treatment early 1950s Lithium was experimented in 1940s FDA approved in 1970 Moral Therapy Tradition Asylums popular 15th century to early 19th century Mental disorder people were tortures chained up and locked in rooms Moral therapy occurred in the 19th century People treated humanely Cleaned up kindness care and respect o Pinel 1745 1826 o Dorthea Dix 1802 1887 People who cant function are warehouse Psychological Tradition Freud everything since contradicts or agrees Primarily sex and aggression Civil Commitment Laws 1960s 70s development of rules in which someone could be involuntarily committed Harder to admit for dumb reasons This created a flood of mentally ill people on the streets Deinstitutionalization 1980s getting people out of institutions and back into the community to have a normal life Healing may be better at home than a hospital Criminalization on going the mentally ill went to jail or were arrested because of committing a crime because they were mentally ill Community Mental Health Centers every county has one During Kennedy s term Areas to be monitored Consoling Clinical Descriptions The unique combination of behaviors thoughts and feeling that make up a specific disorder Prevalence how many people in the population have the disorder Incidence How many new cases in a given year Aka pregnancy Course a pattern a disorder follows Disorders meet these conditions 1 Episodic course comes and goes 2 Chronic course long term 3 Time limited course usually improves quickly without treatment 4 Acute onset suddenly 5 Insidious onset develops slowly and gradually Prognosis the forecast about the course of the illness Etiology origin where it came from Approaches Classification approach yes or no Dimensional approach cognitions moods and behaviors are rated on a scale No one is sure how many dimensions should be in each disorder Prototypical approach has both essential characteristics to classify and non essential dimensions have 10 symptoms and you must meet 5 NOS not otherwise specified DSM 1952 1st DSM more theory driven than clear diagnostic symptoms not I More accurate clinical descriptions Note based on biological or reliable 1968 2nd DSM same 1980 3rd DSM breakthrough psychoanalytic theories II Descriptions detailed and reliable III Added 5 axes IV Diagnosis the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all the criteria for a psychological disorder set forth in the DSM Case Review review of file review of history talk to family members loved ones employees anyone significant o S subjective o O objective o A assessment o P plan Psychological Testing Projection Tests subjective subject projects personality onto test House Tree Person TAT Rorschach Self Report Inventories objective forced answer question T F multiple choice MMPI MCMI 16PF o Each test must come up with 2 things 1 Reliability 2 Valinity measurable IQ Test Neuropsychological Tests eye tests smell knocking counting Computerized Axial Tomography cat scan Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI Treatment Therapies Psychologist diagnosis Psychiatrist M D prescribes medication Psychoanalytic Freud Jung Alder o Unconscious all material that is unresolved that is outside awareness Figure out the structure of the mind Find defense mechanisms Optimally takes years Today insurance will not cover that long o Techniques Dream analysis Free association hidden while talking to Word association Interpretation Humanistic Carl Rogers o Self concept o We develop out outer shell made up of pain largely caused by parents Get to core self Find meaning and value o Techniques Empathy Love warmth Active listening Genuineness Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Mostly used today o Thought emotions behaviors Cognitive Beck Ellis thoughts influence mood and behavior Change thinking change mental distress o Techniques Changing negative thoughts Guided imagery Thought stopping Pros Cons Behavioral Pavlov skinner o Change behavior do something different o Break S R connection o Treatments Aversive conditioning destroying connection Systematic desensitization Activating scheduling Implosion exposure therapy worst fear first Relapse Prevention o Assumes life long struggle o High risk situation o Emergency procedures o Chains Medical Model dysfunction The key neurotransmitters We have 4 but there are over 100 Mental illness is due to a breakdown in the brain usually a chemical 1 Norepinephrine emergency reaction reactions to stress and danger and basic body functions such as respiration 2 Dopamine schizophrenia addictive disorders Drugs block dopamine receptors thus lowering dopamine activity 3 Serotonin thinking Regulation depression anxiety Related to aggression suicide impulsive overreacting sexual aggression 4 GABA gamma amino butyric acid reduces anxiety anger pleasure reduces overall arousal Neurotransmitter Dysfunction There can be excessive production and release of a neurotransmitter May not work or enzymes may be released to hinder its work Receptors may re rejecting or hypersensitive Re uptake may be rejection or work excessively Antipsychotic Drugs tranquilizers used for
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