Chapter 1 Submicroscopic particles that are fundamental building blocks of all two or more atoms attached together a Properties of matter are determined by the atoms and molecules that 1 Atoms matter 2 Molecules compose it 3 Chemistry energy associated Study of matter properties the changes that matter undergoes and the general observations about the system Comprising numbers obtained by various measurements from statement of a behavior that is always observed that summaries past a Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space 4 Scientific method systematic approach to research a Define problem b Perform experiments make observations record data 5 Qualitative data 6 Quantitative data the system observations and predicts future ones 7 Scientific law General explanation for why things happen 8 Theory 9 We can classify matter based on its physical state Compress State Solid Liquid Gas Shape Fixed Indef Indef Volume Fixed Fixed Indef Flow No Yes Yes No No Yes a b Fixed means it keeps its shape when placed in a container a c Indefinite means it takes the shape of the container 10 Matter includes the classification that includes substances mixtures elements and compounds 11 Pure substances distinct properties a Water ammonia sucrose b Elements c Compound d made of one type of particle and have a definite composition and basic building blocks of matter Composed of one type of atom Composed of two or more kinds of atoms 12 Mixtures characteristics Combination of two or more substances that display different a air soft drinks milk cement b Homogeneous mixture throughout c Heterogeneous mixture Composition is not uniform composition of the mixture that is the same 13 Physical property identity of a substance measured and observed w out changing composition or a Evaporation sublimation freezing melting dissolving etc 14 Chemical property carry out a chemical change that alters the composition of the matter a Rusting combustion releasing energy 15 Extensive property values that depend on quantity of matter a Mass and volume are extensive properties 16 Intensive properties does not depend on how much matter is being considered a Ratio of mass to volume is known as density which is an intensive 17 The metric system is a set of units used for all measurements property Density Mass Volume b a Length meter m b Mass kilogram kg c Time second s d Temperature kelvin K 18 Common prefixes 19 Significant figure rules a Any non zero are significant 1 5 2sig fig b Zeros between non zeros are significant 606 3sig fig c Zeros to the left of a nonzero digit are not significant 0 08 1sig fig d All zeros to the right are significant 2 0 2sig fig 40 062 5 sig fig e Only zeros that are at the end of the number and zeros between nonzero are significant 090 2sig fig 0 03005 4 sig fig f Numbers that don t contain decimal points the trailing zeros may or may not be considered significant 40 000 infinite 20 Adding and subtracting significant figures a The result has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest number of decimal places i 5 74 0 823 2 651 9 21 ii 4 8 3 965 0 8 21 Multiplying and dividing with the fewest number of sig figs i 5 02 x 89 665 x 0 10 45 ii 5 892 6 10 0966 a The result has the same number of significant figures as the measurement 22 Precision and accuracy quantity agree w one another a Accuracy Tells how close a measurement is to the true value of the b Precision how closely two or more measurements of the same quantity 23 Dimensional analysis a Used to convert one unit of measurement to another b givenunit desired unit given unit desired unit Chapter 2 1 Daltons atomic theory a Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms b All atoms of one element are alike in size shape mass and chemical properties but are different from atoms in other elements c Atoms combine to form compounds in simple numerical ratios d Chemical reactions involve the separation combination or rearrangement of atoms 2 Law of Conservation of mass matter is neither created nor destroyed a Total mass of reactants total mass of products 3 Structure of an atom a Nucleus b Protons c Neutron dense central core within the atom positively charged particles in the nucleus electrically neutral Subatomic Mass Charge Symbol Particle Proton Electron Neutron g 1 67262 x 10 24 0 00091 x 10 24 1 67493 x 10 24 Mass amu 1 00727 Location in atom nucleus 0 00055 empty space 1 00866 nucleus 1 1 0 p p H e e n n0 d e Atomic Number f Mass number g Isotopes numbers number of protons in the nucleus of an atom total number of protons and neutrons atoms that have same atomic number but different mass 4 Periodic table a Periodic table physical properties are grouped together chart in which elements having a similar chemical and i Arranged by atomic number in horizontal rows called periods ii Vertical columns are known as groups families b Divided into three categories metals nonmetals and metalloids i Metals ii Non metals iii Metalloids good conductor of heat and electricity Poor conductor of heat and electricity show properties of metals and non metals c Element groups i Alkali metals group 1a elements ii Alkaline metals group 2a elements iii Halogens group 7a elements iv Noble gases group 8a elements 5 Molecules and ions a Molecules formed by chemical forces known as chemical bonds i Formed by at least two atoms in a definite arrangement ii Diatomic molecule contains two atoms 1 H2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 iii Polyatomic molecule contain more than two atoms b Ion the charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons i Anion nonmetals form anions 1 Have a net negative charge due to increase number of electrons 6 Chemical formulas 2 Named by changing the ending of the name to ide ii Cation metals form cations 1 Have a positive charge c Ionic compound formed from cations and anions i Metal nonmetal d Molecular compounds formed from nonmetal nonmetal a Chemical formula compounds in terms of chemical symbols express the composition of molecules and ionic i Two types Molecular and empirical shows exact number of atoms of each elements in c Empirical formula b Molecular formula the smallest unit of a substance whole number ratio of their atoms molecule d Structural formula tells which elements are present and the simplest shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a 7 Writing formulas for compounds a Steps for writing formulas for ionic compounds i Write symbol for metal cation and charge ii Write symbol
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