BSC1005 1 Biology Test One Study Guide Chapter 1 Chapter 12 1 Define Living Cell 2 What is PCR The living cell is the functional basic unit of life The polymerase chain reaction PCR is a fast and inexpensive technique used to copy small segments of DNA 3 Discriminate between microevolution and macroevolution Microevolution is the changes in allele frequencies that occur over time within a population This change is due to mutation natural selection gene flow and genetic drift Macroevolution is concerned with evolution on the grand scale with the branching out of new species and larger groups like families and phyla 4 Compare conditions of early earth to those of the present The conditions of early earth Frequent meteorite impacts No oxygen in the atmosphere mostly CO2 N2 and H2O No life on earth Surface temperatures well above 100oC so all water was in the atmosphere The moon was much closer than it is today so would have been much larger in the sky The sun was much dimmer than today so it would have been quite dark even in the daytime Volcanoes were very common and active There were no continents as we know them today 5 Define species A species is a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding BSC1005 2 6 What is Natural Science Natural science is the branch of knowledge that deals with the study of the physical world 7 Know the four types of biological compounds and the basic subunits each is constructed Carbohydrate Monosaccharide e g glucose fructose galactose Disaccharide e g sucrose lactose maltose Polysaccharide e g starch cellulose glycogen Lipid Protein Glycerol Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid Saturated lipid i e fat Unsaturated lipid i e oil Amino acid Dipeptide Polypeptide chain primary protein structure Polypeptide helix or pleated sheet Folded polypeptide chain Joined folded polypeptide chains Acid Nucleic Nucleotide DNA RNA 8 Describe what happens in a chemical reaction A chemical reaction involves the transfer or sharing of electrons One of more substances creates one or more substances Each new substance has new chemical and physical properties 9 All atoms of a given element have the same number of in their nuclei Protons BSC1005 3 10 Isotopes are atoms differing in the number of in their nuclei 11 Radioactive decay occurs because certain isotopes of an element have more than Neutrons the normal number of what Protons or Neutrons 12 Describe how this fact is used for radiometric dating Radiometric dating also known as radioactive dating is a procedure used in science to determine the absolute age of an object Carbon dating is a form of this type of procedure but is only useful on carbonaceous materials This process works by determining the amount of radioactive isotopes in an object From this can be determined the amount of radioactive decay that has occurred thus verifying the age of the object 13 How long will it take a solution to settle out A suspension A solution like salt water will never settle out 14 Pure water has a pH of 15 A solution with a pH of 1 is what 16 A solution with a pH of 14 is what 7 Very Acidic Very Basic 17 Is pure distilled water a conductor or an insulator Pure water is an insulator 18 Know the two types of cells and how they are differentiated Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles such as Golgi apparatus and lysosomes An example of a eukaryotic cell is an animal cell Prokaryotic cells don t have a true nucleus and are single celled organisms An example of this is a bacterial cell They are differentiated by the presence of a nucleus 19 What organelle assembles proteins BSC1005 Ribosomes 4 20 Explain the difference between nucleoid and nucleus and where they are found Nucleus is a membrane enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells It contains most of the cell s genetic material organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins such as histones to form chromosomes The genes within these chromosomes are the cell s nuclear genome The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression the nucleus is therefore the control center of the cell Nucleoid is a region in the cells of prokaryotes that contains nucleic acids but which is not bounded by a membrane it is analogous in function to the nucleus of eukaryotic cells 21 The organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryote s DNA is The Nucleus 22 What is activation energy How does this fact relate to enzymes Activation energy refers to the amount of energy required by certain chemicals for them to have a reaction The amount of activation energy that is required is considerably less when enzyme is present 23 What is a metabolic pathway A metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions within a cell that are catalyzed by enzymes 24 Define evolution in biological terms In biology evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations 25 The fundamental role of a species in an ecosystem is called what Niche 27 Define calorie 26 Explain the meaning of the term survival of the fittest Survival of the Fittest refers to natural selection BSC1005 5 A calorie is a unit of heat defined as the amount of energy required to heat one gram of water one degree Celsius 28 At what temperature does water freeze Boil Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius 29 Feedback that stabilizes is feedback Negative feedback 30 Feedback that destabilizes is feedback Positive feedback 31 Define natural selection Natural selection is the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring 32 Speed is defined in what terms metric units Meters Second 33 Where did Darwin conduct his most famous research On what organisms Darwin conducted his research on the Galapagos Islands on Finches 34 Who invented binomial nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus 35 Define fossil Explain the differences between hard and trace fossils The remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in sedimentary rock A hard fossil refers to the remains of an organism s body A trace fossil is the proof that an organism was once there footmarks 36 Differentiate Autotroph and heterotroph An autotroph is an organism that creates its own food through