Important Biology Test 4 Study Guide Chapter 16 Symbiosis an interaction which one species lives in or on another species Truffles are subterranean type of fungus reproductive bodies of a certain fungus The symbiotic relationship between a truffle and a tree helps the plant absorb water and inorganic nutrients and helps the fungus by receiving sugars and other organic molecules from the plant Plant a multicellular eukaryote that makes organic molecules by photosynthesis photoautotroph All plants evolved from ancestral algae Mycorrhizae most plants have mycorrhizae in which the fungi absorbs the water and essential minerals from the soil provide these materials to the plant and are nourished by sugars produced by the plant Plant cell Algae multicellular protists All algae are aquatic Don t have a defined structure ENTIRE algae has the ability to perform photosynthesis Algae do not have roots Surrounding water supports the structure 1 Algae Plant Plant Evolution Plant Diversity 1 Bryophytes nonvascular plants 2 Ferns seedless vascular plants 3 Gymnosperms naked seed plants 4 Angiosperms flowering plants Plant All have roots system help structure and absorb nutrients Shoot system containing vascular tissue Cuticle plant cell Stomata CO2 O2 waxy covering that reduce water loss and maintain water inside pores on the leaf and vascular tissue of a plant Helps gas exchange Vascular tissue helps with structure and flow of inorganic material There are 2 types 1 Xylem consist of dead cells with tubular cavities for transporting water inorganic material and minerals from roots to leaves and other nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant 2 Phloem consist of living cells that distribute sugars form the leaves to the roots 2 Bryophytes plants to stand Lacks shoot system 3 types of Bryophytes Example of bryophyte Nonvascular plants Lacks true roots leaves and lignin lignin the wall hardening material that enables 1 Liverwort 2 Hornwort 3 Peat moss Gamete sex cell sperm or egg has 1 set of chromosome haploid Gametophyte contains a gamete Zygote fertilized egg Spore is a haploid cell that can develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell Life cycle of Moss Bryophyte shows alternation of generation 3 Vascular plants contains vascular tissue that has both phloem and xylem tissues Haploid 1 set of chromosomes n 2 different types 1 Sperm 2 Egg Diploid 2 sets of chromosomes 2n Egg sperm diploid Fertilization when the sperm goes inside of the egg Spores can develop into a gametophyte Shoot system contains vascular tissue phloem xylem Ferns Seedless vascular plants has vascular tissues Seedless vascular plants have spore capsules instead of seeds Spore capsule thousands of spores Pollen male gamete sperm from plants Gymnosperms Naked seed plant Supply most of our lumber and paper no ovary surrounding the ovule Gymnosperm reproduction 4 Angiosperms Flowering plants Seeds in fruit All have a root system All fruits and vegetables come from angiosperms Does not have spores angiosperms have seeds Used for food wheat fabrics cotton and drugs marijuana Flower structure attracts birds and bees to facilitate the pollution process male reproductive flower structure contains pollen grains male gamete female reproductive flower structure Petal Stamen Anther Carpel Egg Pollen tube Fruit of a plant Angiosperms Reproduction inside the carpel inside ovule is the ovary of the plant 5 The problem with disappearing bees Bees pollinate 15 billion worth of crops each year and an estimated one third of our food supply relies on bees Fruit and seed dispersal 3 methods of transporting seeds 1 Wind 2 Animal transportation 3 Animal ingestion Fungi Eukaryotes and multicellular All have spores Do not have roots Acquire water and nutrients by absorption Hyphae threadlike filaments of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane Fungi help recycle nutrients by decomposing dead organisms and cell wall Parasitic fungi Lichens and interwoven network of fungal hyphae branch repeatedly are heterotrophic absorb organic material from a host symbiotic associations of fungi and algae Mycelium Example Structure 6 Chapter 17 Animals are eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by eating Animal Phylogeny animal family tree Body cavity a fluid filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall Radial symmetry splitting is identical all around a central axis Bilateral symmetry only one way to split into two equal halves right down the midline Pseudocoelom when the body cavity is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm Coelom true coelom completely lined by tissue derived from the mesoderm 7 Sponges Heterotrophic Lack true tissue They re porous Choanocyte food trapping cells of the sponge Cnidarians True body tissue Medusa or polyp form Medusa Polyp tentacles facing downward jellyfish tentacles facing upward coral sea anemone hydra All have common mouth anus gastrovascular cavity and tentacles Cnidocytes stinging cells in cnidarians tentacles Molluscs soft bodied Have a motor muscular foot Have a mouth and radula 8 file like organ that helps bring in organic material nutrients by Radula scraping up food Mantle Shell Groups of Molluscs secretes the shell composed of proteins and polysaccharides protected by a single spiraled shell into which the animal have shells divided into 2 halves hinged together all marine animals and have bodies that are fast and Gastropods Bivalves Cephalopods can retreat when threatened agile Squids Octopus missing a shell have a small and internal shell Flatworms Have true tissue Bilateral symmetry Annelids Body segmentation Have a true coelom 9 Have a digestive tract Groups of annelids Roundworms Arthropods Exhibit a circular body shape Have a pseudocoelom unlined body cavity Examples of roundworms pseudocolomates Also known as Nematode 1 Free living roundworm 2 Parasitic roundworms in pork 3 Head of hookworm All have 4 paired legs All have an exoskeleton Insects are the most diverse group of arthropods Insects consist of an abdomen head and thorax Groups of arthropods Arachnids scorpion spider wood tick dust mite 10 Crustaceans aquatic arthropods Crab crayfish shrimp pill bug barnacles Echinoderm Chordates Have an endoskeleton Aquatic Examples Have a water vascular system sea star sea urchin sand dollar Have a notochord Have a dorsal hollow nerve cord Have a post anal tail Have Pharyngeal slits Chordates jawless fishes not vertebrates Chordates