Nutri Sci 350 Exam 1 Study Guide Exam 1 Study Questions What is food insecurity and does it relate to malnutrition What are the 4 types of malnutrition What causes each type What is environmental enteropathy and what is its proposed mechanism What is the relationship between toilets and stunting Describe the changes in the use of carbohydrate fat and protein during starvation What is a problem in both industrialized and developing countries and why How does the body adapt metabolically to malnutrition What nutrient is required for energy production and where does it come from when not in the diet How is nutritional status assessed What is the result of good nutrition What might happen to the capacity to work with undernutrition How did the subjects in the Keyes study adapt to semistarvation What were the physical and psychological symptoms exhibited during the semistarvation in the Keyes study How long did full recovery take in these study subjects How does the body adapt physiologically to PEM What is the result of the changes in the immune system during protein energy What happens to the functional capacity of the heart during protein calorie malnutrition What is the effect of electrolyte changes on muscle tissue Why is there diarrhea with severe PEM What is the major effect of early life PEM What are the 2 types of PEM How do they differ What has been linked to the What is the proposed way to change the microbiome What are the major micronutrient deficiencies in the world What are the symptoms of these deficiencies Who is most likely to be deficient in each of these nutrients What are the dietary sources of these nutrients and what are the issues associated with availability intake and absorption What impact do these deficiencies have on life What nutrient deficiencies are associated with decreased cognitive ability How What nutrient has been successfully supplemented in the diet via salt Sugar What nutrient deficiency has a decrease in immune function before the presentation of more obvious clinical signs Why is obtaining iron and vitamin A different from animal versus plant sources malnutrition The lungs microbiome What is the key indicator of malnutrition What indicator is used to measure progress in breaking the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition What is the effect of maternal nutrition on the fetus What is the best way to feed an infant For how long Be able to give reasons What actions have been recommended to support this When should complementary foods be introduced and why What has been hypothesized regarding in utero malnutrition and health in later life Why is exploratory behavior so important in children What fuels it Why is it important to frequently weigh and measure a child What is stunting Wasting Underweight What are the major determinants of stunting What is this linked to in adulthood What improves learning in children What happens in the adolescent period that challenges nutrition What is a major issue with early pregnancy in undernourished girls What problems may stunted women have during pregnancy and delivery What decreases with malnutrition in adults Why is good nutrition important for the elderly Why should prevention focus on the life cycle and not just with fetal and early childhood malnutrition What are the major effects of refeeding What happens metabolically Physiologically What is a common complication Why What causes diarrhea in refeeding Why must refeeding be done slowly What sign indicates that a child is entering the rehabilitation phase What is encouraged at this point What is ORS and what is it used for What is RUTF under what circumstances is it used and what are the advantages of it What besides nutrients must be part of the therapy for malnourished children Why are continuing studies on children who have been treated for malnutrition necessary of interest What is the nutrition transition What dietary changes occur What are the good and bad parts of this What are the common chronic diseases What common condition have many been linked to What are modifiable risk factors for chronic disease Who is affected by chronic disease What dietary recommendations have been made to decrease risk What must people have to make good choices about diet What is the link between poverty and obesity What is the double burden of malnutrition How does the cost of a healthy diet compare to a nutrient adequate diet or energy sufficient diet How many people in 2017 could not afford a healthy diet Four Types of Malnutrition 1 Overnutrition a Too many calories and not enough exercise contributing to obesity diabetes hypertension and cardiovascular disease 2 Secondary Malnutrition a Not directly caused by the diet b Results from a condition that inhibits a person s ingestion digestion or absorption and metabolism c Another causative condition is diversion of nutrients to parasitic agents d Causes i ii iii Loss of appetite Increase in BMR basal metabolic rate Prevention of nutrient absorption a Caused by dietary deficiencies of micronutrients 1 Diarrhea Parasitic agents 3 Micronutrient Malnutrition iv Vitamin A Iodine Iron 4 Protein Calorie Energy Malnutrition i ii iii a Occurs when a person has an extremely deficient intake of protein and calories b More food is need and people rarely have protein efficiency without caloric deficiency Environmental enteropathy small intestinal disorder due to constant ingestion of feces via contaminated food and water How do we determine nutritional status Anthropometric Assessment Low height for age measure stunting Low weight for height measure wasting i e BMI Chronic Acute Low weight for age measure underweight Both acute and chronic Biomedical assessment Clinical Dietary Keys Case Study Background motivation Real world concern Deal with people in war torn Europe who had undergone extreme starvation after the end of the war Study motivation How people would be affected physiologically and psychologically by a limited diet and what would be the most effective way to provide postwar rehabilitation Human experiment To subject volunteers 36 conscientious objectors get data from 32 out of 36 to semi starvation and then re feed them Experiment process Standardized period 3 months Received normal diet 3200 kcal Semi starvation period 6 months Received a semi starvation diet 1800 kcal 2 meals a day reflected foods in the war torn areas of Europe i e potatoes turnips dark bread etc Required daily exercise and allowed class