11 27 12 Later Revolts in Judaea 74 135 CE slow progression from pre 70 to post 70 slow accommodation to loss of Temple Judaism is dramatically altered EG sacrifices prayer Parting of the Ways process of Christianity and Judaism going their separate ways o Destruction of Temple is one example of divide between Judaism and Christianity Judaism views the destruction of Temple as mournful event G d s disapproval of their actions and requiring repentance Christianity views the destruction of Temple as G d s disapproval of the whole system and passing of the torch from the Jews to the Christians City of Jerusalem totally destroyed Status of priests important religiously socially politically void bc no Temple to officiate Fall of Pluralism Rise of agreed upon Orthodoxy situation where there is more consensus of what it means to be a Jew less room for variation Majority of Jews exiled to Rome elsewhere o Does not mark beginning of Jewish exile Jews had already previously been exiled o Does not mark removal of Jewish independence Judaea had already been conquered by Rome 130 years earlier before destruction of Temple Judaea has not been previously independent independence was the exception not the rule Destruction of Temple o Represented less clear cut break in religious life than originally thought o Change from sacrifices prayer gradual not in a single moment PROOF Julian the Apostate 360 363 CE Julian embraces Christianity after Constantine Roman Emperor converts to Christianity in 313 CE Julian becomes Emperor 360 CE and rejects new fangled Christianity and tries to bring back old Christianity aka Judaism Christians reject this regression Jews embrace it Julian in response to Christians rejection and Jews approval attempts to rebuild Temple and fails relatively quickly BUT this brief window of time does exist in history Julian writes about this episode Against the Galileans treatise against Christians Jesus from Galilee PROOF Jews continued to privately offer sacrifices described in mystical Sefer Ha Razim Book of Secrets ROME S REACTION to REVOLT Main objective suppress rebellion which disrupts their larger imperial campaign No attempt to annihilate Jewish people Post suppression o Rome returned to governing their Empire with some changes bc one of the factors leading up to the rebellion was Rome s mismanagement sent corrupt Roman officials to be in charge of Judaea pre rebellion Rome sends governors from Senatorial rank as opposed to equestrian Tax Collector position split into 2 governor and tax collector spread the power as opposed to governor being the tax collector Fiscus Judaicus Jewish tax imposed post rebellion money donated to Temple of Jupiter in Rome financially the Jews are no worse off than they were before FJ is just a redirection reallocation of money they were already giving to the Jerusalem Temple Roman army becomes more professional troops from Rome as opposed to locals less involved in the friction between local population and its leaders o Rome recognizes Jews in various ways that are new Patriarch title shows up later 200 s CE Jewish official status increases over time ultimately given status in Roman Senate higher than many provincial governors Native area of Judah Yehud left alone remains as is no reduction in size no removal of Jewish community leaders etc LATER REVOLTS 3 98 130 s Reigns of o Trajan 98 117 o Hadrian 117 130 s Lessons of 1st revolt have not been learned by Jews yet they did not listen to Josephus rebuke Rebellions fueled by Messianic apocalyptic feeling 1st Later Revolt o 115 117 o Trajan is preoccupied with insurrections in Mesopotamia o Rebellions break out among Jewish population under Roman Empire in several locations seemingly uncoordinated Egypt North Africa Libya Cyprus 2rd Later Revolt o 1 year later o Rebellion breaks out in Mesopotamia Trajan dies in the middle of trying to suppress rebellions Hadrian tries to finish off the job during which time o Roman measures to outlaw Jewish practices ie circumcision etc o Jewish effort to rebuild Temple o Hadrian erects statue of Zeus and renames Jerusalem Aelia Capitolina 3rd Later Revolt o 132 135 o Based in land of Israel o Bar Kochba revolt BK military commander of Jewish rebellion son of the star alludes to power of Messianic ideas Captures Jerusalem Establishes independent polity autonomy in the midst of Roman conquest Mints coins Year 1 of Jewish Sovereignty etc o Jerusalem retaken o Hadrian bans Jewish settlements o 135 Brief period of Jewish autonomy ends o Impact on Jewish society post BK suppression serious shift of demographics of Jewish population Jews cease to inhabit Judaea Jews relocated northward toward Galilee and Golan