Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 6 Lipids 2 Saturated fatty acid a fatty acid that contains only carbon carbon single 1 Fatty acids are made up entirely on carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms A chain of carbon atoms forms the backbone of each fatty acid One end of the carbon chain is called the alpha end and the other is called the omega end bonds in its backbone Unsaturated fatty acid a fatty acid that contains at least one carbon carbon double bond in its backbone Polyunsaturated fatty acid a fatty acid that contains more than one carbon carbon double bond in its backbone Monounsaturated fatty acid a fatty acid that contains one carbon carbon double bond in its backbone Essential fatty acid a fatty acid that humans need but cannot make them on their own must ingest 2 essential fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid 3 AMDR for fat is 20 35 Fat calculations example a 3000 kcals with 30 kcals coming from fat 3000 x 3 900 9 100 grams b 1500 kcals with 25 kcals coming from fat 1500 x 25 375 9 42 grams 4 Food sources fats and oils 5 Chain lengths the number of carbons in a fatty acid s backbone short chain fatty acids fewer than 8 carbons medium chain fatty acids 8 12 carbons and long chain fatty acids more than 12 carbons affects chemical properties functions and water solubility 7 Cis double bond 6 Essential fatty acid deficiency is rare because of the almost endless supple of linolenic and linoleic acids stored in adipose tissue This deficiency generally occurs in hospitalized patients who are receiving poor nutritional care Signs and symptoms irritated and flakey skin gastrointestinal problems and impaired immune function infections are common and wound healing may be slow children with this also experience slow growth are positioned on the same side of the double bond Trans double bond a carbon carbon double bond in which the hydrogen atoms are positioned on opposite sides of the double bond Trans fatty acids a fatty acid containing at least one trans double bond 8 Phosphate of food Phospholipid a type of lipid composed of a glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a polar head group found naturally in most food an inorganic ion which is present in may foods and preservatives a carbon carbon double bond in which the hydrogen atoms 9 Consuming too much lipid or the wrong kind of lipid can be associated with health problems adequate intake levels for linoleic acid are 17 grams per day for males and 12 grams per day for females adequate intake levels for linolenic acid are 1 6 grams per day for males and 1 1 grams per day for females it is recommended that people eat fish at least 2 times a week pregnant or breastfeeding women should consume at least 8 and up to 12 ounces of seafood per week saturated fat intake less than 7 of total calories total lipid intake 20 35 of calories Linolenic acid an essential 3 fatty acid with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds an essential 6 fatty acid with 18 carbons and 2 double bonds 10 Linoleic acid 11 Cardiovascular disease is caused by a complex web of factors including genetics physical inactivity and poor diet influences by total dietary lipid intake and specific types of dietary lipids develops because of a slowing or obstruction of blood flow to the heart or any other part of the body when blood flow is restricted cells do not receive adequate oxygen and nutrients ultimately causing cell death restriction of blood flow results from a condition called atherosclerosis characterized by a narrowing and hardening of the blood cells when atherosclerosis occurs in coronary arteries it can cause heart disease 12 a stroke occurs when a portion of the brain is deprived of oxygen and critical 13 Nonmodifiable risk factors nutrients the extent of the brain damage depends on the magnitude duration and area of the brain affected strokes often result in speech impairment or partial paralysis on one side of the body but if a large or critical part is affected it could be life threatening Transient ischemic attack TIA a ministroke that is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain genetics race prior stroke of heart attack and having been born with low birth weight Modifiable risk factors factors you can change include smoking high blood pressure elevated blood lipids physical inactivity and obesity diabetes stress and excessive alcohol consumption although many of these factors depend somewhat on biological influences there are ways we can modify them factors you can t change include age sex 14 Consuming a varied diet in moderation can go a long way in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease controlling hypertension and watching you sodium intake is crucial in preventing cardiovascular disease dietary patterns such as the DASH siet vegetarian diet and Mediterranean diet are all associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease 15 DASH dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet a dietary pattern emphasizing fruits vegetables and low fat dairy products designed to lower blood pressure 16 Risk factors for heart disease high levels of LDL and low levels of HDL can increase risk for atherosclerosis when medications and changes in lifestyles choices are not sufficient to lower risk for cardiovascular disease there are several surgical interventions that can help diets that are high in saturated fats or trans fats can increase risk for cardiovascular disease whereas those high in monounsaturated fatty acids decrease risk diagnosing heart disease a doctor will do full complete physical exam and medical history on the patient if heart disease is suspected certain tests will be done to determine whether the heart is working normally and if it is not where the problem lies Chapter 14 Life Cycle Nutrition 1 Appropriate weight gain for pregnant women underweight gain 28 40 pounds normal weight gain 25 35 pounds overweight gain 15 25 pounds obese gain 11 20 pounds 2 Breastfeeding pros for baby supports optimal growth and development during infancy and childhood provides immunologic protection against pathogenic viruses and bacteria breast fed babies are sick less often then formula fed babies benefits for the mother decreases the risk of certain diseases and helps women return to their prepregnant weight more easily 3 Which vitamin is important to reduce spinal bifida folic acid 4 Alveoli a cluster of milk producing cells that make up the mammary glands birth 5 Low birth weight a baby that weighs less than 2 500g 5 lbs 8 ounces at 6