Org Comm Final Study Guide 04 19 2014 Leadership Trait theories of leadership Definition There are particular qualities that will tend to be associated with leaders and that will result in success in leadership activities Common traits associated with Leadership o Intelligence verbal ability perceptual ability and reasoning o Self confidence o Determination o Integrity o Sociability Guilding Assumption If someone has qualities X Y Z then they will be an effective leader o In recent years this type of assumption has fallen into disfavor Many people don t want to make a list of set characteristics to define a leader o Most leaders do portray these set traits so it s a fast and easy Pros technique Cons Contingency Theory Definition of the situation o Different people can lead better in certain situations o Different people lead different people differently Matching the style of the leader to the characteristics o Ex a leader who likes to focus on tasks would be more effective in structured situations than a leader who likes to focus on relationships Success is contingent on both o The leaders motivational style o The leaders capacity to control the situation Leadership styles o Relationship motivated leaders Emphasis on maintaining positive relationships within group friendliness trust Relationship building needed and appreciated o Task motivated leaders Emphasis on completing task regulating behavior reducing goal ambiguity Better when situations are highly favorable or unfavorable Leader member Exchange Theory LMX Leaders relationship differ with each subordinate Basic Premises o Leadership is a series of dyadic relationships that are developed and negotiated over time o Relationships can range in closeness LMX Use more pro social tactics Self esteem responsibility to others Don t invoke authority as much Less likely to use punishment threats Supervisory exchange SX More likely to invoke authority Give directives LMX in group SX out group Superior subordinate relationship o 1 Immediacy Communicating warmth and closeness Attentiveness Nonverbal cues Verbal appreciation o 2 Feedback Can have positive outcomes But only when done effectively When giving positive feedback Add complexity Effects more long lasting Include guidance for additional improvement When giving negative feedback Focus on group organization standards Don t fall in avoidance trap o 3 Upward communication subordinate to superior o 4 advocacy Effective approach to upward communication 1 plan before you pitch take time to crafter a message avoid spontaneous appeals 2 Know if your supervisor will agree with you supervisor has decision power make a compelling argument 3 tailor your appeal think about past successes and failures o statistics vs anecdote o details vs generalities 4 know your supervisor s knowledge level Don t be o Too simplistic condescending or dumb o Too advance confusion 5 create coalitions gain support from others o avoid ganging up on one another 6 completely articulate your message practice o consider questions challenges o 5 downward communication superior to subordinate 1 routinely emphasize importance of communication 2 frame directives as polite requests 3 be sensitive to subordinates feelings praise in public reprimand in private Emotions in the Workplace Emotional Labor Definition job in which workers are expected to display certain feelings in order to satisfy organizational role expectations Surface Acting Deep Acting o Ex flight attendants pasting on a smile to satisfy the airlines requirements of a friendly face in the cabin o Ex flight attendants may use more realistic emotional displays Imagining the airplane cabin as a friendly living room or sympathizing with the stress that irate passengers might be feeling Emotional Work Definition involves people who are not in frontline service jobs but instead hold professional positions in industries such as health care education or human services Workers in this industry rarely have explicitly spelled out instructions Ex showing compassion as a nurse working in a hospital Emotions at Work Private vs public tensions o Ex when two people are friends outside the workplace but subordinate within the workplace Relational networks Emotional buzzing o Emotions can spread like wildfire in the workplace o One negative comment in a meeting can lead to an uprising Conflicting Allegiances o Workers feeling loyal to more than one supervisor or co worker Emotional Rights and Obligations o Most workplaces include a strong sense of morality o With these morals disrupted strong emotions can be seen Emotion Rules Rules can differ from one workplace to another o Textbook example 1 Express emotions in a professional way 2 Express emotions to improve situations 3 Express emotions to the right people 4 Express emotions to help individuals 5 Do not manage emotions for personal benefit to the 6 The expression of certain emotions is always detriment of others inappropriate Emotional Intelligence Definition concept that suggest that there are some people who are naturally better at understanding and managing the emotional content of workplace relationship and that emotional intelligence is also a skill that can be developed through training o Involves a clear understanding of the emotional needs of a situation as well as the self awareness and self control Although many people are accepting this theory many people also necessary criticize it o Emotional intelligence is an example of how organizations are attempting to transform emotion into a marketable product that will enhance organizational profits Dealing with Anger 1 Chronic hostility o leads to thinking the worst about others perceptual biases being demanding being ungenerous 2 Venting o exploding at a person typically venting leads to boosted anger 3 Reappraise your emotions o Call to mind positive aspects of person encounter o Consider short and long term implications 4 Jefferson strategy o count to 10 before reacting o count to 100 if very angry Dealing with Burnout Definition Wearing out due to the pressures of work o Emotional exhaustion o Lack of personal accomplishment o Depersonalization View others negatively Stressors causing burnout o Workload o Role conflict o Role ambiguity Not sure what to do Communications causing burnout o Emotional labor Constant display of fake emotions o Emotional contagion Spreading of emotions o Strive for emphatic concern Care for others not adopt their problems Most