Chapter 6 Jails Key terms Jail locally operated correctional facilities that confine people before or after conviction Total admission the total number of people admitted to jail each year Average daily population the sum of the number of inmates in a jail or prison each day for a year Release on Recognizance ROR defendant provides written promise to appear in court no cash or property bong required Property bond bond set in the form of tangible items Deposit bail court acts as a bond agent defendant posts percentage of full amount Conditional release abide by a set of imposed requirements Third party custody defendant assigned to an individual that promises to ensure future court appearance Unsecured bond defendant released on credit Pretrial Release public safety most defendants are granted pretrial release 66 A growing movement seeks to reduce the number of defendants granted pretrial Some states enacted danger laws which limit the right to bail to certain kinds of release offenders Jail in History King Henry ordered the first jail built in 1166 John Howard s jail reform Secure sanitary structure Emphasis on reforming prisoners Jail inspections first jail in America was the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia 1773 Housed offenders with no regard to sex age or offense Modern American Jails Functions Detain people awaiting arraignment or trial Confine offenders serving short sentences Detain probation parole violators Rabble Management non criminal Serve as surrogate mental hospitals Homeless Architecture Inmate Management First Generation Jails linear design Jail with multiple occupancy cells or dormitories that line corridors arranged like spokes Inmate supervision is sporadic Second Generation Jails podural Emerged in the 1960s to replace old run down linear jails improve visual surveillance Staff remain in a secure control booth surrounded by inmates housed areas called pods and surveillance is remote officer inmate decrease in interaction Third Generation Jails direct supervision jails Inmates are housed in small groups staffed 24 hours a day by specially trained officers Bars absent 349 out 360 all jails Fourth Generation Jails Incorporates natural light into the dayroom borrowed light Brings program services staff volunteers and visitors to the housing unit Jail Characteristics Inmates Annually 13 million people go to jail 2010 report found that the nation s jails held 767 20 inmates 13 of jail population are women 62 involved in the trial process not convicted Since 2000 the nation s jail population has increased an average of 2 6 per year Jails There are 3 365 jails in the United states Most jails are small designed to hold 50 or fewer inmates Some jails are very big like mega jails in LA and NYC 6 of all jails holds over 50 of all prisoners The average cost to jail one inmate is more than 14 500 Women Jail Women compromise 13 of the jail population They are the largest growth group nationwide Women face a number of special problems including Lack of separate housing Low educational levels Substance abuse Pregnancy Motherhood 80 have kids under the age of 18 Inadequate medical programs From 1995 through mid 2011 the majority of local jail inmates were black or Whites comprise nearly 70 of the U S population but only 43 of the jail Blacks make up 14 of the U S population but make up 44 of the jail Race Inmates Hispanic population population Juveniles in Jail 7 220 juveniles Cities and states may detain juvenile offenders up to 12 hours in an adult jail before a court appearance Jail Staff There are nearly 300 000 jail employees 3 to 1 inmate to staff ratio Problems of jail staff Substandard pay Low job prestige High turnover Inadequate systems for recruitment selection and training