HUMAN Exam III Study Guide Urinary System CH 10 Approx of questions on exam 12 14 Basic functions of the urinary system Controlling chemical composition of the blood Excretion of metabolic wastes Maintenance of water salt balance acid base balance Reabsorb filtered nutrients Hormone Secretion Renin Erythropoietin EPO Converts Vitamin D to active Form Organs of the urinary system Kidneys 2 bean shaped fist sized organ urine is formed Ureters 2 small muscular tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder Bladder expandable organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body Urethra tube longer in men that caries urine from bladder to outside of body The parts of the Kidney 3 Regions Renal Cortex an outer granulated layer Renal Medulla contains cone shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids Renal Pelvis central cavity that is continuous with the ureter The parts of the Nephron microscopic functional unit of the kidney Glomerulus a knot of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule where pores produce a blood filtrate Proximal Convoluted Tubule epithelial layer with a brush border of microvilli to allow reabsorption of filtrate components Loop of Nephron U Shaped structure that has a descending limb to allow water to leave an ascending limb that pushes out salt Distal Convoluted Tubule made of epithelial cells rich in mitochondria thus is important for movement of molecules from the blood to tubule tubular secretion Collecting Ducts several nephrons share a collecting duct which serve to carry urine to the renal pelvis The 3 basic processes occurring in the nephron Glomerular filtration water small molecules move from the glomerulus blood to glomerular capsule urine while large molecules formed elements remain in blood Tubular reabsorption many molecules ions are reabsorbed from the nephron into the blood Tubular Secretion a 2nd way to remove substances such as drugs H Creatinine from blood Water Balance the Kidneys Facts body is roughly 2 3 water it s vital the amount of water in your blood be kept constant level your kidneys have control of how much water is lost in urine Basic Mechanism When you re dehydrated kidneys reabsorb water from the urine back into blood urine When you become overhydrated Kidneys release more water less reabsorption into the becomes concentrated urine urine becomes diluted Urinary System Disorders Kidney Failure failure of kidney to perform functions many causes infections toxins genetic diseases diabetes other etc can be detected by abnormal amounts of nitrogenous waste products into blood too much Water in urine over dilute urine protein in urine treated with Hemodialysis or Kidney Replacement Hemodialysis uses an artificial kidney machine to subtract add substances into the blood as needed Kidney Replacement single kidney transplant with a high success rate Cystitis infection in the urinary bladder Kidney Stones hard stone like granules formed in the renal pelvis Nervous System CH 13 Approx of questions on exam 14 16 Neurons Information Types 3 Types of Neurons Sensory takes impulses from sensory receptor to CNS Motor takes impulses from the CNS to an effector i e gland or muscle fiber Interneurons receive information in the CNS send it to a motor neuron Neuron Structure Cell Body main cell where organelles nuclei reside Dendrite many short extensions that carry impulses to a cell body Axon nerve fiber single long extension that carries impulses away from the cell body Myelin Sheath a lipid covering on long axons that act to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction insulation and regeneration in the PNS The Nerve Impulse for this section is important to know the role of sodium and potassium where they are in high and low concentration and how they move during a nerve impulse Action Potential Rapid change in the electrical potential of an axon membrane that allows a nerve impulse to occur Depolarization Sodium gates open letting Na in interior of axon loses negative charge 40mV Repolarization Potassium gates open letting K out interior of axon regains negative charge 70mV Nerve Impulse wave of depolarization repolarization travels down axon Resting Potential is restored by moving potassium inside sodium outside Resting Potential When the axon is not conducting a nerve impulse more positive ions outside than inside the membrane there is a negative charge of 70 mV inside the axon more Na outside than inside more K inside than outside How impulses travel from one neuron to another moves across a synapse Synapse a small gap between the sending neuron presynaptic membrane the receiving neuron postsynaptic membrane Transmission accomplished across this gap by a chemical the neurotransmitter e g Ach dopamine serotonin Neurotransmitters are stored at the end of axons in synaptic vesicles Parts of the central nervous system CNS consists of brain spinal cord both are protected by Bones skull vertebral column Meninges 3 protective membranes that wrap around CNS Cerebral Spinal Fluid CSF space between meninges is filled with this fluid that cushions protects the CNS CNS The Brain The Brain Cerebrum the lobes initiation of movement skeletal muscle integration perception of the senses Conscious Thought higher brain functions reasoning problem solving motivation short term memory Cerebral Cortex Outer layer composed of grey matter many nerve cell bodies Dived into 4 lobes hemispheres 1 Frontal Lobe primary motor area conscious thought 2 Temporal Lobe primary auditory smell speech area 3 Parietal Lobe primary somatosensory taste area 4 Occipital Lobe primary visual area Cerebellum receives integrates sensory input from the eyes ears joints muscles about the current position of the body Functions maintains posture coordinates voluntary movement allows learning of new motor skills i e playing the piano or hitting a baseball Brain Stem Functions acts as a conduct for ascending descending nerves basic vital functions breathing heart rate blood pressure Includes midbrain pons medulla oblongata reflex centers for regulating breathing heartbeat blood pressure Limbic System area of the brain between the inner surface of the cerebral cortex diencephalon joins primitive emotions fear pleasure with higher functions such as reasoning can cause strong emotional reactions to situations but conscious thought can override direct our behavior involved in learning converting short term memory to long term memories Methods for
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