Chapter 9 1 Terms to know a Basophil like mast cells blue purple on a slide due to the histamine it releases vasoactive it acts on vessels b Eosinophil red orange function c Neutrophils most abundant WBC the first responders phagocytes swallow debris d Macrophages 2nd responders they call over monocytes to enter tissue and differentiate to macrophages e Megakaryocytes immature form of a thrombocyte f Plasma secretes antibodies derived from B cell mature form a Myeloid all long bones sternum humorus femur bone marrow i Pleuripotent create stem cells to become whatever they want b Platelets initiate blood clotting from plasma serum WBC s from thrombocytes c Lymphoid i B cells differentiate between plasma and memory cells ii T cells iii NK cells 2 Blood Cells d Hemapoietic formation of blood or blood cells e Dendritic present antigen 3 Types of Immunity a Innate natural born with it i First line of defense ii No previous exposure to agent required no immunological memory iii Nonspecific response physical and chemical mechanical barriers antigen independent reacts the same to each antigen b Adaptive acquired remembers and reacts faster for the second exposure i Specific response ii Immunological memory 4 Adaptive Immunity Immune response to specific molecules a More evolved than innate immunity b c Develop immunological memory d Response enhances upon repeated exposure of the same agent 5 Innate Immunity a Celia moves any foreign substance nose bronchials b Trachea moves up to expel through coughing c Mucous sticky with celia traps and moves out of the body pH is neutral to basic d Acid pH stomach and urogenital corrodes bacteria bacterialcidal 6 Innate Immunity a Physical and Chemical barriers Intact skin i ii Low pH bactericidal iii Normal skin flora prevent colonization by pathogens 1 Loss of normal flora allows resistant organisms and fungi to proliferate 2 Normal skin flora the good bacteria works and competes for space over bad bacteria Antibiotics get rid of ALL bacteria including the good bacteria This is why it is a good idea to take probiotics or eat yogurt while taking antibiotics because it replaces the good bacteria back in your body 7 Innate Immunity a Mucous membranes organisms b Natural secretions c Plasma proteins i Respiratory gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts ii Ciliated epithelial cells trap and sweep away airborne particles and iii Goblet cells produce mucus and secrete mucous cells i Chemical barriers enzymes in secretions inhibit invasion by organisms ii Tears saliva mucus fatty acids bile acids i Antimicrobial antiviral ii Acute phase reactants iii Complement cascades and components iv TNF tumor necrosis factor IFN interferon opsonins proteins that coat foreign substances and attract WBC to foreign substances and degrade them chemotaxis movement v Complement tiny immune proteins start off as C1 and stimulate because of foreign substances and activate C2 etc vi Cascade to know Membrane 1 C7 2 C8 form Attack 3 C9 Complex 8 Innate Defenses and Inflammation a Three purposes of inflammatory response i Neutralize and destroy invading and harmful agents ii Limit spread of harmful agents to other tissues iii Prepare damaged tissue for repair b Cardinal Signs of Inflammation KNOW ALL CARDINAL SIGNS IN ENGLISH AND LATIN FORMS of function i Rubor red dolor pain calor heat tumor swelling functio laesa loss ii Acts on normal tissue to diffuse all over iii iv Auto immune Inflammation all tissues affected are damaged 9 Inflammation a Phases of the inflammatory response Increased blood flow to site Increased vascular permeability i ii iii Leukocyte recruitment and emigration iv Phagocytosis v Chemokines attract more neutrophils 1 More macrophages the more histamine vasodilates vessels a More blood heat and redness makes the vessels more permeable which allows fluids to enter the injury site and swell 10 Inflammation a Causes of inflammation i Endogenous inside tissues 1 Tissue ischemia ii Exogenous outside tissues chemical agents 1 Physical agents burns radiation 2 Chemical agents acids corrosives 3 Microbial most common gram negative bacteria endotoxins LPS exotoxins Inflammation can benefit or harm host b 11 Types of Inflammation a Acute i Short duration less than 2 weeks ii Discrete set of events how it started how it looked b Chronic i Longer duration ii Diffuse iii Can result in scar tissue and deformity12 12 Immune System a Immunogen b Antigen 13 Immunoglobulins a IgG i Substance capable of eliciting a humeral or cellular immune response i Protein that stimulates antibody production ii Binds to produced antibody Ag Ab complex iii Epitope specific site on Ag where antibody T cell receptor bind i Major immunoglobulin in blood ii 4 subclasses i Largest immunoglobulin b IgM c IgA d IgE e IgD i Secretory ii Present in body fluids iii 2 subclasses i Allergies Parasites i Regulates B cell activation 14 Lymphoid Organs a Primary Lymphoid Organs i Bone Marrow produce B cells over entire lifetime ii Thymus produce T cells until host reaches puberty b Secondary Lymphoid Organs i Lymph nodes spleen Peyer s patches 15 Immune Response Humeral a B lymphocyte Plasma Cell Antibody OR B lymphocyte Memory B 16 Immune Response Cell mediated a From bone marrow stem cell migrate to thymus and become immature T cells Immature T cells undergo positive and negative selection b c T cells encounter specific antigen and become activated 17 Immune Response Primary 18 Immune Response Secondary a IgM antibody appears upon first exposure to antigen then IgG a Follows re exposure to the same antigen b Larger quantity of IgG c Shorter response time and longer lasting due to memory cells