The Bow Street Runners Small group of volunteers non uniformed Established in 1750 by Henry Fielding First modern detective force Sir Robert Peel Father of modern policing Established Metropolitan police force for London Policing theories used today in America Skillful administrator with vision Peels Principles Police must be stable efficient organized along military lines The police must be under government control The absence of crime best proves efficiency of police The distribution of crime news is essential The deployment of police strength over time and area is essential No quality is more indispensable to a police officer than a perfect command of temper Good appearance commands respect Securing and training proper people is the root of efficiency Public security demands every police officer be given a number Police headquarters should be centrally located easily accessible Police should be hired on a probationary basis Police records are necessary to the correct distribution of police strength NYPD Rogues Gallery Photographs of known offenders were included Photos were arranged by their criminal specialty height Used by detectives to recognize criminals on the street FBI J Edgar Hoover 1967 National Crime Information Center NCIC was made operational by the FBI providing data on wanted persons and property stolen from all 50 states Due Process Revolution Miranda V Arizona 1966 establishing well known Miranda Rights Known as due process revolution Active in cases involving rights of suspects defendants and search and seizure Milestones of Criminalistics Draws from diverse disciplines such as physics chemistry biology anthropology and mathematics to study physical evidence related to a crime The Due Process Clause The due process clause provides nor shall any person be deprived of life liberty or property without the due process of law Ingredients of Arrest There are three essential ingredients of an arrest 1 Intention 2 Authority 3 Custody Arrest Warrant Is a judicial order commanding the person to whom it is issued or some other person to arrest a particular individual and to being that person promptly before a court to answer a criminal charge Exigent circumstances The exception recognizes a warrantless entry by law enforcement officials may be legal when There is a compelling need for official action No time to get a warrant Plain View Seizures Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine Evidence obtained from an unreasonable search and seizure cannot be used as the basis for learning about or collecting new admissible evidence not known about before Physical Evidence Evidence as something legally submitted to a competent tribunal court as a means of ascertaining the truth of an alleged matter of fact under investigation before it 2 broad types 1 2 testimonial evidence evidence given in the form of statements made under oath real or physical evidence objective existence that is anything with size shape and dimension can prove a crime has been committed or establish key elements of a crime Class Characteristics place an item of evidence in a given class or group Individualization an item of evidence is unique Fingerprints DNA and fired bullets are examples of evidence capable of being associated with a unique source or individualized Individualization the item is unique Identification items shares a common source Loop Whorl or arch and later individualized to that person through minutiae ridge characteristics Comparison Samples known sample or Exemplar is required for all comparisons Footwear Shoewear Impressions common type of impression evidence found at or near the crime scene usually overlooked by investigators due to lack of training Always photograph 1st Non destructive Approach Must have an L shaped ruler SICAR Shoe Image Capture and Retrieval SLIP Shoe Linking Identification Program Tell you about the gambling house Khodabandeh Murder April 15 2004 Fayetteville AR Victim Rhonda Khodabendeh W F 49 years old Suspect Tony wood Jr W M 60 years old Dated and had lots of trouble in their relationship a lot of domestic abuse calls Tony Wood Pleads Guilty to Murder 1st Degree 20 years Y Felony 70 14 Years at least What is a crime A crime is the commission or omission of any act which is prohibited or required by the penal code of an organized political state to which some punishment or sanction is attached The classification Felony Punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year in a state prison Misdemeanor Punishable by fine and or imprisonment for up to one year in a local or county jail The investigator someone who gathers documents and evaluates evidence The objectives of the investigative process 1 Establish if a crime was committed 2 Collect document and preserve evidence 3 Identify and apprehend the suspects 4 Recover stolen property 5 Assist in the prosecution of the person s charged with the crime s Crime Scene location where the offense was committed Primary Scene is where the initial incident was committed Secondary Scene all subsequent scenes after primary Organization of the crime scene Overall Coordination Technical Services Investigative services Responding to a Crime Scene Proceed with deliberate but not reckless speed Look for a suspect either fleeing on foot or by vehicle Be suspicious of a vehicle being driven away from the scene at a high rate of speed or in an erratic manner Be suspicious of any person attempting to conceal him or herself from view Be suspicious of any person wearing clothing indicating a recent change Categories of Evidence Corpus Delicti evidence distinct set of evidence Associative Evidence connecting suspect victim and evidence Trace Evidence evidence in limited amounts Evidence Recovery Log A chronological record of who found what evidence where witnessed by whom and notations about other ways the evidence may have been documented e g photography Typical Crime Scene Problems Emotional impact of the crime on the victim s family witnesses and passers bys Lack of appropriate equipment The press Police Officers or supervisors may want to visit the scene to see what is going on Without control of the scene Life may be lost Evidence destroyed Assignments overlooked Investigation done in a generally negligent manner Major Considerations of the Crime Scene Search Boundary Determination Choice of Search Patterns Instruction of Personnel Coordination Documentation Death Investigation 16 West Davidson July 18 2002 Death