18 describe predict explain and change abnormal patterns of functioning what is abnormal The Four D s Chapter 13 what is psychological abnormality what is abnormal psychology deviance distress dysfunction danger identifying psychological disorders medical model focuses on physiological conditions that underlie abnormal behavior DSM IV TR lists speci c and concrete symptoms for diagnosing over 400 disorders doesn t speculate on causes of behavior 5 dimensions axis I clinical disorders axis II personality disorders and mental retardation axis III current medical conditions axis IV psychosocial or environmental problems axis V global assessment of functioning controversies and criticisms no theoretical basis too complex not enough reliability biased by gender and culture perpetuates a medical model criticisms focuses too much on disorders being like biological diseases comorbidity diagnosis is also dif cult because some people suffer from more than one disorder diathesis stress model predisposed heritability for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered stress anxiety disorders anxiety generalized feeling of fear and apprehension physical cognitive emotional and behavioral components generalized anxiety disorder GAD a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry and 3 or more of the symptoms at least 6 months anxiety is dif cult to control no speci c trigger phobic disorders characterized by persistent excessive irrational fear and avoidance of a speci c object activity or situation negative reinforcement social phobia an irrational persistent fear and avoidance of public speci c phobia irrational persistent fear and avoidance of a speci c situations object or situation panic disorder a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror characterized by panic attacks no identi able trigger obsessive compulsive disorder obsessions repetitive intrusive persistent and uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs obsessions compulsions ritualistic behaviors designed to reduce anxiety from the key is that it interferes signi cantly with a person s functioning what is psychological abnormality what is abnormal psychology describe predict explain and change abnormal patterns of functioning what is abnormal The Four D s deviance distress dysfunction danger identifying psychological disorders medical model focuses on physiological conditions that underlie abnormal behavior DSM IV TR lists speci c and concrete symptoms for diagnosing over 400 disorders doesn t speculate on causes of behavior 5 dimensions axis I clinical disorders axis II personality disorders and mental retardation axis III current medical conditions axis IV psychosocial or environmental problems axis V global assessment of functioning controversies and criticisms no theoretical basis too complex not enough reliability biased by gender and culture perpetuates a medical model criticisms focuses too much on disorders being like biological diagnosis is also dif cult because some people suffer from more predisposed heritability for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered stress diseases comorbidity than one disorder diathesis stress model anxiety disorders anxiety generalized feeling of fear and apprehension physical cognitive emotional and behavioral components generalized anxiety disorder GAD a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry and 3 or more of the symptoms at least 6 months anxiety is dif cult to control no speci c trigger phobic disorders characterized by persistent excessive irrational fear and avoidance of a speci c object activity or situation negative reinforcement social phobia an irrational persistent fear and avoidance of public situations speci c phobia irrational persistent fear and avoidance of a speci c object or situation panic disorder a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror characterized by panic attacks no identi able trigger obsessive compulsive disorder obsessions repetitive intrusive persistent and uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs compulsions ritualistic behaviors designed to reduce anxiety from the obsessions key is that it interferes signi cantly with a person s functioning
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