15 Chapter 11 what is personality relatively permanent traits dispositions or characteristics theories of personality 1 the psychodynamic approach pioneered by Sigmund Freud personality is formed by needs strivings and desires outside of awareness personality formed in childhood people have 3 components at work id ego superego id drives present at birth source of our bodily needs wants and desires fully unconscious pleasure principle tendency to seek immediate pleasure of any impulses ego contact with the external world that enables us to deal with life s practical demands reality principle enables the delay of gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the world superego mental system that re ects the internalization of cultural rules Stages xation person s pleasure seeking drives become psychologically stuck at a particular stage oral stage 0 18 months libido grati cation comes from oral exploration of the world oral personality pessimism about the world hostility or passivity anal stage 2 3 kids gain pleasure and libido satisfaction from being in control anal personality phallic stage 3 5 either excessive orderliness messiness pleasure con ict and frustration of the phallic genital region mechanisms include castration anxiety boys and penis envy girls Oedipus and Electra Con ict experiences con icting feelings toward the opposite sex parent phallic personality chastity latency stage 5 13 sex role identi cation on problems promiscuity vanity jealousy or excessive libido is channeled into mastery activities skills Freud thought little of interest happened here no xation genital stage adulthood the time of mature personality love work and relate to others intimacy with others people who xate in earlier stages will fail in developing healthy adult sexuality and well adjusted adult personality Defense Mechanisms unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses denial refusing to accept that the feeling is present event occurred repression refusing to think about anxiety causing motivated forgetting projection attributing ones undesirable traits actions to thoughts others they become the problem instead of you reaction formation taking actions opposite to ones feelings in order to deny the reality of the feelings rationalization creating intellectually acceptable arguments for thoughts behavior to hide the actual anxiety causing impulses regression reverting to the comfort of behaviors of an earlier stage of development in order to cope displacement substituting a less threatening object for the subject of the hostile sexual impulse sublimation redirecting anxiety causing impulses into socially acceptable actions 2 trait theory trait any readily identi able stable quality that characterizes how an individual differs from others the ve factor model mnemonic O C E A N Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism widely preferred for several reasons big ve may be universal downfall describes but does not explain personality personality assessment process of evaluating individual differences by explaining behavior diagnosis and classifying behavioral problems projective tests use standard sets of ambiguous stimuli assume that unconscious feelings and motives are projected onto the stimuli Rorshach Ink Test what do you see in the ink blot personality inventories most widely used psych test next to intelligence tests multiple choice or true false questions different tests have emerged from the different theoretical approaches what is personality relatively permanent traits dispositions or characteristics theories of personality 1 the psychodynamic approach pioneered by Sigmund Freud personality is formed by needs strivings and desires outside of awareness personality formed in childhood people have 3 components at work id ego superego id drives present at birth source of our bodily needs wants and desires fully unconscious pleasure principle tendency to seek immediate pleasure of any impulses ego contact with the external world that enables us to deal with life s practical demands reality principle enables the delay of gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the world superego mental system that re ects the internalization of cultural rules Stages xation person s pleasure seeking drives become psychologically stuck at a particular stage oral stage 0 18 months libido grati cation comes from oral exploration of the world oral personality passivity anal stage 2 3 pessimism about the world hostility or kids gain pleasure and libido satisfaction from being in control anal personality either excessive orderliness messiness phallic stage 3 5 pleasure con ict and frustration of the phallic genital region mechanisms include castration anxiety boys and penis envy girls Oedipus and Electra Con ict experiences con icting feelings toward the opposite sex parent phallic personality sex role identi cation on problems promiscuity vanity jealousy or excessive chastity latency stage 5 13 libido is channeled into mastery activities skills Freud thought little of interest happened here no xation genital stage adulthood the time of mature personality love work and relate to others intimacy with others people who xate in earlier stages will fail in developing healthy adult sexuality and well adjusted adult personality unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses denial refusing to accept that the feeling is present event occurred repression refusing to think about anxiety causing thoughts motivated forgetting projection attributing ones undesirable traits actions to others they become the problem instead of you reaction formation taking actions opposite to ones feelings in order to deny the reality of the feelings rationalization creating intellectually acceptable arguments for thoughts behavior to hide the actual anxiety causing impulses regression reverting to the comfort of behaviors of an earlier stage of development in order to cope displacement substituting a less threatening object for the subject of the hostile sexual impulse sublimation redirecting anxiety causing impulses into Defense Mechanisms socially acceptable actions 2 trait theory trait any readily identi able stable quality that characterizes how an individual differs from others the ve factor model mnemonic O C E A N Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion
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