Hardware Basic computer components Input storage processing output what are examples of each Input mouse Storage Processing more expensive Central processing unit CPU faster more processors bigger cache more powerful Microprocessor part of computer that executes instructions of a program brain Multicore microprocessors microprocessors with 2 or more typically lower powered calculating processor cores cooler and use less power Massively parallel computing computers designed with many microprocessors that work together simultaneously to solve problems Grid computing uses software to enable several computers to work together on a common problem as if they were a massively parallel super computer Output printer What is binary Why is it important How does it relate to decimal Binary 0 1 everything in computers is coded into binary base 2 100 in binary 4 in decimal 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 2 4 How is data stored Bits bytes types of storage primary secondary Computer storage is in weird quantities because they work in base 2 binary system not base 10 decimal system Bit fundamental unit of info 8 bits 1 byte 1 byte is 1 character of info BMGT 301 8 8 64 bits Volatile storage primary transient if power is turned off then you loose everything RAM random access memory fast chip based storage Nonvolatile storage secondary permanent if power is turned off then you still retain info hard drive CD DVD flash memory used in cameras Moore s law and implications and challenges Moore s law more power for the same price or same power for a cheaper price Chip performance processing power doubles every 18 months Data storage doubles every 12 months Optical fiber doubles every 9 months Challenges heat size power Networking and Internet What does a client do What does a server do Client desktop runs interface operating system may run certain programs store some data individual resource Server powerful central stores application programs stores data files manages shared resources like printers hard drives runs complex programs connected to clients via a network shared resource Client server architecture is allowed through local area networks LAN which allows users to share resources How is data transmitted on the Internet Web browser on client computer sends an HTTP request over the internet to the server asking for an HTML file Server gets the file from the directory Server sends the file over the internet to client computer Browser displays HTML file exclusive Database fundamentals What is TCP IP and why is it important TCP IP allows devices to communicate a shared set of rules protocol IP internet protocol figures out how to get packets to their destination when receiving packets it figures out where they belong TCP transport control protocol ensures that packets are received in the order they are sent and that lost packets are retransmitted Packet switching vs circuit switching Packet switching breaks each message into small packets frames sends these packets one after the other using the lines switches efficiently as needed when a packet arrives the switch must decide which of several successor switches to send it to each packet of a message may go through a different sequence of switches Circuit switching path is decided on before data transmission starts dedicated path and Why is information quality important What are the characteristics of high quality information What problems costs are associated with poor quality information Info quality is important because companies use data to create a competitive advantage Characteristics of high quality information Accuracy completeness security uniqueness consistency timeliness Problems associated with poor quality information Difficulty identifying valuable customers Inability to identify selling opportunities Marketing to nonexistent customers Difficulty tracking revenue bc of inaccurate invoices Inability to build strong customer relationships Entities attributes instances of an entity Entity a person place thing or event about which data and information are collected Classes students customer order item distributor product orderline discount Attribute a category of data that describes an entity characteristics Student s name address GPA customer number Instances of an entity Tables columns fields rows records Columns fields an attribute of an entity Rows record a collection of fields containing info about 1 instance of the entity Tables a collection of records Relationships and ER Diagrams model the relationship among the entities in the database a communication tool foundation for designing the database Cardinality the number of instances of 1 entity type that are associated with a single instance of another entity type in a relationship student 0 M lives in dorm 1 1 a student lives in 1 dorm a dorm can have zero to many students Primary keys an attribute that uniquely identifies a row record in a table Foreign keys non key attribute in one table that appears as the primary key in another table Normalization rules Normalization a technique to make databases more efficient by removing undesirable redundancy break large tables into smaller tables Given examples like the ones in class identify problems or pick the best design What problems does normalization help avoid Inefficiency and redundancy Referential integrity foreign keys must match a primary key in the linked table and cannot be Data integrity blank Business rules Access Labs The test may ask conceptual questions about how or why you would use the software e g when would you use a form vs a report in Access why or when would you use a validation rule or input mask in Access It may also ask you to show how tasks would be performed using screenshots see examples below Software Types of software e g System Application Application software Allows the user to perform one or more specific tasks Types of application software Productivity software focus on increased efficiency Word spreadsheet Collaboration software support communication email IM Wiki Firmware embedded systems Firmware stored on non volatile memory chips Embedded systems special purpose software in physical devices to make them smart Otis elevator monitors elevator s performance automatically notifies if maintenance is needed Operating system Manage the resources of your computer Controls how users and other programs interact with computer hardware Interpret your commands and turn them into instructions that the CPU can understand
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