Biological Foundations of Behavior PSY101 Introduction to Psychology Spring 2014 SUNY at Buffalo Heredity and Behavior How and which behaviors are passed from generation to generation 1 Evolution and Natural Selection Charles Darwin English naturalist 1809 1882 Evolution and Natural Selection Darwin continued Theory of evolution by process of natural selection 2 Evolution and Natural Selection Survival of the fittest How should cid 1 success cid 2 be defined in evolutionary terms How should we go about predicting which species will exist in the future Evolution and Natural Selection Carl Sagan video 3 Evolution and Natural Selection 2 major adaptations in human evolution Bipedalism Encephalization Evolution and Natural Selection Genotype 4 Evolution and Natural Selection Phenotype 5 Variation in the Human Genotype Genetics DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Chromosomes Variation in the Human Genotype Sex chromosomes are inherited as 6 Variation in the Human Genotype Variation in the Human Genotype Measure heritability 7 Variation in the Human Genotype In order to investigate heritability researchers employ a couple of different methods Adoption studies Twin studies Variation in the Human Genotype Adoption studies 8 Variation in the Human Genotype Twin studies Compare similarity of behavior between The Neuron 9 The Neuron General function The Neuron 10 The Neuron The Neuron 11 The Neuron 3 major classes of neurons Sensory neurons Motor neurons Interneurons The Neuron Figure Pain withdrawal reflex 12 The Neuron Glial cells Action Potentials 13 Action Potentials Resting potential Action Potentials Threshold 14 Action Potentials Shown Membrane potential over time Action Potentials 15 Synaptic Transmission Synaptic Transmission 16 Synaptic Transmission Synaptic Transmission 17 Synaptic Transmission Synaptic Transmission Neurotransmitters will bind if 18 Synaptic Transmission Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Acetylcholine 19 Neurotransmitters and Their Functions GABA Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Glutamate 20 Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Dopamine Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Norepinephrine 21 Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Endorphins Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Serotonin 22 Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Serotonin continued Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Oxytocin 23 Brain Investigation Story of Phineas Gage Brain Investigation Story of Phineas Gage cont d Before injury After injury 24 Brain Investigation Lesions Brain Investigation Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation rTMS Rebecca Saxe 2009 TED video How we read each other s minds 25 Brain Investigation Electroencephalogram EEG Brain Investigation Computerized Axial Tomography CAT 26 Brain Investigation Positron Emission Tomography PET Brain Investigation Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI Christopher deCharms 2008 TED video Looks inside the brain 27 Brain Investigation Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI The Nervous System 28 The Nervous System Central Nervous System CNS The Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System PNS 29 The Nervous System Somatic Nervous System SNS The Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System ANS 30 The Nervous System Sympathetic division of ANS The Nervous System Parasympathetic division of ANS 31 The Nervous System Brain Structures and Their Functions The brain is a major component of the CNS and a critical component of human life 3 interconnected layers Brain stem Limbic system Cerebrum 32 Brain Structures and Their Functions Brain stems 5 core components Medulla Pons Reticular formation Thalamus Cerebellum Brain Structures and Their Functions Brain stem Medulla 33 Brain Structures and Their Functions Brain stem Pons Brain Structures and Their Functions Brain stem Reticular formation 34 Brain Structures and Their Functions Brain stem Thalamus Brain Structures and Their Functions Brain stem Cerebellum 35 Brain Structures and Their Functions Limbic systems 3 core components Hippocampus Amygdala Hypothalamus Brain Structures and Their Functions Limbic system Hippocampus 36 Brain Structures and Their Functions Limbic system Amygdala Brain Structures and Their Functions Limbic system Hypothalamus 37 Brain Structures and Their Functions The cerebrum Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Cerebral cortex 38 Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Cerebral hemispheres Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Cerebral hemispheres Each of two hemispheres has four lobes each responsible for different functions Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe 39 Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Frontal lobe Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Parietal lobe 40 Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Occipital lobe Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Temporal lobe 41 Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Motor cortex Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Somatosensory cortex 42 Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Auditory cortex Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Visual cortex 43 Brain Structures and Their Functions Cerebrum Association cortex The Endocrine System Endocrine systems 44 The Endocrine System Pituitary gland The Endocrine System Pituitary gland cont d In males In females 45 The Endocrine System Plasticity and Neurogenesis 46 Plasticity and Neurogenesis Experience dependent plasticity Cats selectively reared Result Plasticity and Neurogenesis Recent research on plasticity Stem cells 47 Plasticity and Neurogenesis 48