Cardiovascular Heart Blood Vessels Chapter 5 approx of questions on Exam 18 EXAM 2 MAJOR TOPICS Leff Intro Human Bio Major Topics Functions Transport System Delivers nutrients oxygen to cells Picks up cell waste products CO2 other chemicals delivers them to be processed and excreted from body Transports hormones Distributes cells and substances of the Immune System Circuits Right Left Heart Pulmonary vs Systematic Pulmonary Circuit the right side of heart brings blood from body to the heart lungs Systemic Circuit the left side of the heart brings blood to entire body to deliver nutrients and rid of wastes Types of Blood vessels and direction of blood flow Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Arteries Arterioles smaller arteries that regulate blood pressure walls have 3 layers Capillaries microscopic vess els between arterioles venules made of one layer of epithelial tissue form beds of vessels where exchange with body cells occurs Venules small veins that receive blood from capillaries Veins carry blood toward heart walls have 3 layers veins that carry blood against gravity have valves to keep blood toward heart Anatomy of Heart Blood flow through the heart The Cardiac Cycle heartbeat occurs 70 min avg Systole Contraction the atria contract together followed by the ventricles contracting together blood pumped OUT of heart AV Valves close Semilunar Valves open Blood ejected from Chamber Diastole Relaxation rest phase when chambers relax blood fills chamber of heart AV Valves open Semilunar Valves Closed Blood Fills Chamber Cardiac Conduction System ECG know the parts of the conduction system and what each major wave of a normal ECG represents Electrocardiogram ECG A record of the electrical change in the heart muscle during a cardiac cycle The atria produce an electrical current when simulated by the SA node P wave Contraction of ventricles is QRS complex Recovery of ventricles is called T Wave Looking these electrical changes allows detectors to detect abnormalities Blood Pressure The pressure against a blood vessel wall usually measured in an artery in the arm Highest pressure during blood injection from the heart systolic pressure Lowest pressure is diastolic pressure when ventricles relax Average about 120 80 mm Hg systolic diastolic Exchange at the capillaries and function of the lymphatic vessels what substances leave enter Delivery Uptake Exchange the capillares Exchange capillary beds Removal of excess fluid Lymphatic capillary beds lie alongside capillary beds Lymphatic capillaries take up excess fluid lymph Lymph returns to cardiovascular veins in chest Cardiovascular Diseases CVD most common cause of death in Western World Hypertension High blood pressure silent killer b c few symptoms Heart Attack Myocardial Infarction MI part of heart dies to lack of oxygen alteration of heart s pumping ability Stroke Cerebrovascular Accident CVA usually occurs when a cranial artery is blocked or bursts aneurysm part of brain dies due to lack of oxygen Aneurysm Atherosclerosis build up of plaque in blood vessels plaque that is stationary is called thrombus and embolus when it detaches and can move to distant sites Respiratory System Chapter 9 approx of questions on exam 14 Major Topics General Functions exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and the air external environment Oxygen Carbon dioxide Participates in ph balance of body blood pressure regulation Upper Vs Lower Respiratory Tract Upper nose opening nostrils nares leads into nasal cavities hairs mucus in nose filter air nasal cavity as a lot of capillaries that warm moisten the air specialized cells act as oder receptors tears from eye drain into nasal cavity that can lead to running nose Pharynx funnel shaped cavity commonly called part of the immune system throat 3 portions based on location nasopharynx oropharynx laryngonarynx larynx composed of pieces of cartilage passes air between pharynx trachea called the voice box and houses vocal cords the epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that closes off trachea when you swollow Lower Trachea a tube windpipe that connects the larynx with main bronchi made of connective tissue smooth muscle and cartilaginous lined with cilia and mucus that help to keep lungs clean Bronchi bronchioles starts with 2 main bronchi that lead from the trachea into lungs the bronchi continue to branch until they are small bronchioles about 1 mm diameter with thinner walls Bronchiloes eventually lead to elongated sacs called alveoli Lungs contain most of bronchi contain connective tissue with elastic fibers have a right left set of lunges each divided into lobes each lung is enclosed by membranes called pleura Alveoli structure function 300 million in lungs Enveloped by blood capillaries Alveoli capillaries are one layer of epithelium to allow exchange of gases Lined with surfactant that act as a film to keep it open Pulmonary Ventilation Inspiration an active process of inhalation that brings air INTO lungs the thoratic cavity expands the diaphragm muscle contracts moves downward their muscles pull ribs up outward volume of the thoratic cavity lungs increase air pressure within lungs decreases air flows INTO lungs thoratic cavity becomes smaller diaphragm elaxes and moves downward and inward volue of the thoratic cavity lungs decreases Exhalation usually passive process of exhalation that expels air from lungs the air pressure within the lungs increases air flows OUT the lungs duh Spirometer measuring ventilation Tidal Capactiy the max voume of air that can be moved in plus the max amount that can be moved out during one breath How ventilation breathing rate is controlled Nervous control sets rhythm respiratory control center in the brain medulla oblongata sends out nerve impulses to conract muscle for inspiration Chemical control sensors in the brain blood vessels detect the level of respiratory gasses oxygen carbon dioxide send info to the control center Oxygen CO2 are exchanged exchange is dependent on diffusion Partial pressure is the amount of pressure each gas exerts PCO2 or PO2 equivalent to concentration Oxygen CO2 will diffuse from the area of higher to the area of lower partial pressure External Respiration exchange of gasses between the lung alveoli blood capillaries Internal Respiration exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries outside of the lungs tissue cells Digestive System Chapter 8 approx of questions 18 Functions Steps Acquisition of nutrients chemical
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