States of Consciousness Chapter 4 Levels of Awareness and circadian rhythms Consciousness Awareness of external event internal sensations while under a condition of arousal Awareness the subjective state of reelecting about yourself your thoughts and your experiences a form of metacognition Metacognition Thinking about thinking Arousal Physiological state of being engaged with the environment Levels of Awareness Higher Level Consciousness Controlled Processing in which individuals are actively thinking and alert focused on their tasks and goals Examples Playing guitar reading driving Lower Level Consciousness Automatic processing and daydreaming which requires little attention and focus Examples Daydreaming typing eating a sandwich while driving Altered States of Consciousness Produced by drugs trauma and fatigue Examples Being under the influence of drugs or alcohol Subconscious Awareness Usually occurs when people are asleep and dreaming but also occurs when we are awake Examples Sleeping Dreaming Blindsight Split brain patients video example lfGwsAdS9Dchttp www youtube com watch v No Awareness Usually occurs when we are knocked out or anesthetized but may also occur while we are awake Circadian Rhythms Behaviors that synchronize with the 24 hour cycle of the day Examples Sleep wake cycle body temperature blood pressure Question How does your body know what time it is Answer Biological Clock brain system that detects the passage of time using internal and external cues and regulates body systems accordingly located in the Hypothalamus Suprachiasmatic Nucleus SCN Part of the hypothalamus that uses input from the eyes to synchronize its rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark When this is removed your body wants to be asleep awake asleep awake etc instead of being awake for a long period of time and then go to sleep for a long period of time zeitgeber time giver What are the effects of sleep deprivation Crankiness irritability sleepiness poor memory poor performance poor moral judgements health costs What happens to your clodk when you disrupt you sleep wake cycle Insomnia night shift work Stages of Sleep Stage of Wakefulness Higher level Consciousness Lower level Consciousness Stage 1 Drowsy sleep easily woken up head nod myoclonic jerks Stage 2 Decreased muscle activity low sensitivity and irregular EEG patterns theta wave Stage 3 and 4 Deep sleep difficult to rouse restorative slow wave sleep Rapid Eye Movement REM Brain pattern similar to those with relaxed wakefulness desynchronized Alpha and Theta waves Characteristics REM Skeletal muscle paralysis EMG Dreaming Sleep Disorders Insomnia Inability to fall asleep waking in the night or waking up too early Sleep Apnea Individuals stop breathing while asleep Sleep Walking Talking Sonnambulism occurs during slow wave sleep Night Terrors Sudden arousal from sleep accompanied by inense fear and blood curdling screaming typically occurs in children NOT nightmares Narcolepsy A REM sleep disorder involving sudden overwhelming urge to sleep Cataplexy Paralysis that accompanies REM sleep activated while person is awake Video example http www youtube com watch v 3MBCeKn0Oeo Sleep Paralysis The normal paralysis of REM sleep continues after person wakes up REM Behavior Disorder Mechanism controlling paralysis during REM sleep fails to work properly Individual will act out their dreams happens in times of stress Non Specific Slow wave Insomnia Sleep Apnea Sleep talking Sleep walking Night terrors REM Sleep Narcolepsy Cataplexy Sleep Paralysis REM Behavior Disorder Human Development Chapter 8 Human Development Pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the lifespan What do Developmental Psychologists study Universal Characteristics and Individual Variation Issues in Developmental Psychology Nature vs Nurture Change vs Stability Stages vs Continuity TWO Developmental Research Designs Cross Sectional Designs Several different age groups studied at one time point Advantages Cheaper Quicker Disadvantages Less powerful Cohort generational commonalities effects Longitudinal Designs One group of participants are studied over a long period of time Advantages More powerful Disadvantages Time and Money Attrition When people don t complete the study Three Areas of Study in Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Socio emotional Development Prenatal Development Before birth Three Stages Germinal Period lasts about 2 weeks Embryonic Period 6 weeks Fetal Period 7 months Germinal Period First 2 weeks after conception massive cell division ends with implantation into uterine wall Embryonic Period Weeks 3 8 after conception massive cell differentiation nutrients through placenta Fetal Period Months 2 9 after conception massive physical growth ends at 40 weeks with birth Teratogens Any agent that can cause a birth defect Critical Periods Time when developing organs are most susceptible to birth defects Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders FASD A cluster of problems that appear in the children of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy physical and mental abnormalities Child Development Physical Development The body Cognitive Development Thinking and Remembering Socio emotional Development Relationships with others Infants survive for 2 Reasons We take care of them Come equipped with survival skills knob as reflexes Reflexes Genetically wired involuntary responses that are crucial for infant survival Motor Development The gradual development of muscle control balance and movement Six Motor Milestones Raising head Rolling over Propped up Sitting up Crawling Walking Perceptual Development The gradual development of the senses and the interpretation of sensory information Examples Smell Taste Touch Hearing Vision in order from Best to Worst when babies are born Why can t babies see vey well when they are born Fixed lens poorly developed photoreceptors called cones How do babies interpret what they see They learn to interpret what they see as they gain experiences and their brains grow new connections Examples Effects of Enriched Environment build it and they will come Visual Cliff Experiments I m going out on a limb here Learning about Size Constancy looks can be deceiving Are we born with the ability to perceive depth Yes but it takes experience to fear falling Size Constancy The ability to perceive an object as being the same size regardless os its size on the retina learned with experience
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