What is Learning Change in behavior due to experience or practice ability to profit from experience vs maturation a change in behavior because of a biological reason Three kinds of learning Classical Conditioning Think automatic reflexive involuntary Associate stimuli that occur together Operant Conditioning Think voluntary Associate behavior with consequences reward punish Behavior changes to get rewarded more and punished less Observational Learning Social Learning Theory Learn by watching others cid 127 Works with classical and operant conditioning Things to Know About Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov early 1900s Russian physiologist Discovered classical conditioning Classical conditioning Learn to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the one that naturally produced it Unconditioned means Naturally occurring without training would happen naturally Unconditioned stimulus UCS Leads to involuntary response naturally Food Unconditioned response UCR Involuntary automatic response to UCS Salivation Conditioned means Learned or trained Conditioned stimulus CS Was neutral but now triggers a reflex Bell cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Conditioned response CR Learned response to a conditioned stimulus Salivation to sound of bell How it works see selected slides on Blackboard Learn CS must come BEFORE UCS CS and UCS must come VERY close together within seconds CS distinctive stands out from competing stimuli Trick for identifying parts and an example Identify the unconditioned response biological or emotion that is automatic Now the Conditioned Response is known same as UR Now find the Unconditioned Stimulus what causes UR automatically Now find the Conditioned Stimulus used to be neutral but now causes Classical Conditioning Principles 1 2 3 4 Additional Vocabulary 1 Stimulus generalization When you begin to make a conditioned response to a stimulus similar to the the condition stimulus Greater the similarity stronger the response Extinction When the learned response disappears following the removal of the unconditioned stimulus 3 Spontaneous recovery Reappearance of learned response after extinction 1 Conditioned emotional response CER a feeling triggered by stimuli connected to past experience fear of dogs songs etc can lead to phobias irrational fear response cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 2 CERs may lead to Taste Aversion a while after Conditioned taste aversion Learn to having negative biological like nausea to a particular taste happen after one pairing still learn to avoid that food even if nausea happens Biological preparedness Tendency to learn some associations quickly due to potential survival value Classical Conditioning and You Phobias jump to flashes flushing cid 127 Medical Treatments Drug overdose general good bad feelings link to people smells places Advertising uses celebrities and sex to sell Things to Know About Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Learn change frequency of voluntary behavior due to consequences Thorndike s Law of Effect Behaviors followed by good are repeated increase Behaviors followed by bad are not repeated decrease Skinner s Contribution Gave Operant Condition its name cid 127 Manipulate the consequences manipulate cons to change behavior Skinner Box Four Ways to Change Behavior Two ways to increase Both called Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement OR Negative Reinforcement Add or experience Remove or allow escape avoidance something pleasurable of something unpleasant taking an Aspirin headache cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 Two ways to decrease Both called Punishment Punishment by Application OR Punishment by Removal positive punishment negative punishment add something unpleasant Remove something pleasant spanking Additional Operant Conditioning Concepts and Vocabulary Primary vs Secondary Reinforcer Primary unlearned automatically feels good meets a biological need food drink etc Secondary Had to learn it was good grades tokens gold stars money Shaping Simple steps that lead to a desired more complex behavior Extinction behavior that stops if it is not reinforced Spontaneous recovery Behavior reappears How to Make Punishment More Effective 1 Should immediately follow behavior 2 Should be consistent Otherwise they learn that they get away with it sometimes 3 Should be paired with reinforcement of desired behavior need to fill gap want to fill with good More Punishment Information 1 Fear and anxiety can decrease learning Discriminant Stimulus lets you know if reinforcement is likely something in the environment that lets you know if you will get punished etc at that time for a behavior ex dog gets in trouble when owner is home if the owner is home goes on couch when they leave 2 Can lead to more aggression 3 Can teach to avoid being caught 4 Temporary unless replacement behavior is taught 5 Not forgotten just suppressed Schedules of Reinforcement Time consuming expensive Continuous reinforcement Reinforce every time the correct response Partial reinforcement effect Behaviors reinforced only sometimes Tends to be very resistant to extinction Which Schedule of Reinforcement Should I use Continuous to learn Partial to maintain 1 Cognitive Learning Theory Realized Classical Conditioning and Opperant Conditioning can t explain all learning Learning performance distinction Some learning takes place before learned behavior is displayed Observational learning Learn new behavior by watching useful for complex behavior and when shaping is not possible Bandura s Work Bobo Doll 1960s cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 We can learn by watching aggressive acts and words create new aggressive acts too Consequences for others matter is model is punished less likely to be imitated Did they learn Yes could do if you offer reinforcement Catharsis an emotional reliece Bandura s Findings Watching others be aggressive does NOT reduce other s anger Sex differences Boys more likely to do physical aggression Boys and girls equal on verbal aggression Decreace learned aggression if you process what you are exposed to how does the victim feel Four Elements of Observational Learning 1 Attention Must pay attention to learn 1 Memory Must be able to remember ALL steps 1 Imitation Must be capable of movements 1 Motivation Must expect reward have a reason
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