Learning any relative permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience Conditioning a kind of learning that involved associations between environmental stimuli and responses Types of Conditioning Classical Conditioning Pavlov The organism learns to associate two stimuli One produces a response that originally was only produced by the other Classic example of dog bell and salivation Unconditioned Stimulus US elicits the unconditioned response food Unconditioned Response UR response which is automatically produced salivate Conditioned Stimulus CS originally neutral stimulus that elicits a behavior after being paired with a US bell Conditioned Response CR response elicited by the conditioned stimulus salivate to bell Extinction repeat the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus over time and the conditioned response will disappear Over time dog will lose the defense reflex of the metronome when it no longer receives a shock Spontaneous Recovery after a response has been extinguished it may spontaneously reappear after the passage of time with exposure to the conditioned stimulus Higher Order Conditioning pairing a neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus will create another conditioned stimulus although a weaker conditioned response More likely to show extinction Food with bell bell with light Stimulus Generalization after a stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for some response other similar stimuli may produce the same reaction Sudden noise in the middle of the night associated with the alarm clock Stimulus Discrimination one learns to realize the difference between similar stimulus Respond differently to when the fire alarm wakes you up to when an alarm clock wakes you up Fire alarm jump up Alarm Clock snooze Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting Classical conditioned response Chemotherapy UCS Nausea UCR Treatment room needles CS Nausea in response to the room CR When patients enter the treatment rooms they feel nauseous or when they see the needle yet the actual medicine is what makes them sick ANV patients don t respond well to anti nausea drugs Since it isn t a physiological response its psychological Responsive to some behavioral treatments Operant Conditioning Instrumental Learning Behavior is dependent on its consequences Thorndike studied cats Law of Effect a satisfying result strengthens increases a behavior B F Skinner all behavior is explained by looking outside the individual People and animals tend to repeat behaviors which have positive consequences decrease behaviors which have negative consequences Three Types of Consequences Neutral Consequence not more or less likely to see behavior patterns change Reinforcement anything which will make a response more likely to occur Punishment anything which will make a response less likely to occur Primary Reinforcers satisfy biological needs food water and sex Secondary Reinforcers satisfy through association with primary reinforcers money praise grades Punishments are inherently unpleasant and decrease the likelihood of a response Positive Punishment something unpleasant occurs spanked mouth washed out with soap will decrease the likelihood of something happening Negative Punishment something pleasant is removed no TV no dessert decreases the likelihood of the action happening again Response Increase Response Decrease Stimulus Added Positive Reinforcement chocolate Positive Punishment spanking Stimulus Removed Negative Reinforcement stop yelling Negative Punishment no car keys Reinforcement or Punishment which occurs immediately after a behavior has the strongest effect Learning Schedules Continuous reward punishment occurs each time the behavior occurs Intermittent Partial reward punishment occurs when a response occurs only some of the time Ratio Schedules deliver reinforcement after a certain fixed number of responses Fixed Ratio Schedules reinforcement after a fixed number of responses Every four times Variable Ratio Schedule reinforcement after some average number of responses on average 7 Interval Schedules reinforcement after a certain amount of time has passed and the desired behavior has occurred Fixed Interval reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time has passed since the past reinforcer 5 Minutes Variable Interval reinforcement occurs if a variable amount of time has passed since the previous reinforcer on average 5 minutes could be 3 or 7 For a response to persist it should be reinforced intermittently making the response Shaping reinforcing behavioral tendencies in a desired direction Uses successive more difficult to extinguish approximation reinforce responses that are increasingly similar to the desired response o Teaching a pigeon to turn in a circle or play ping pong Chaining used to reach a more complex sequence or chain of behaviors reinforcing various simple behaviors separately and then linking them shape final response in sequence and work back until sequence learned o Reinforcing separate behaviors being done in a specific sequence Social Cognitive Theories of Learning Latent Learning Learning without realizing that you are learning Observational Learning believe there is a higher level cognitive process to how we learn impacts attitudes beliefs and expectations Children learn and then imitate behaviors television violence Albert Bandura and Bobo doll studies Had some children watch a video of a woman beating a bobo doll Those who saw the video were much more aggressive than those who didn t Children also used guns and other violent weapons that were placed in the room Observational Learning Prosocial behavior can also be learned through modeling Lessons from Lassie Study Sprafkin et al 1975 15 male and 15 female first graders with parental consent for children to watch 30min of a TV show under three different conditions and children were assigned randomly to one of the three conditions Independent Variable What TV show you watched One group watched a Lassie episode where someone saved Lassie when he was trapped Neutral Lassie Episode with no humans helping dogs Brady Bunch Episode with positive family interactions and no dog scene Experimenter came in blind to what show the children watched takes children to a game room with prizes awarded with how many points you had Children were told they earned points for pushing a button when a light bulb lit up Children wear headphones and to press HELP button if puppies bark couldn t continue to play game if asked