Intelligence combines verbal ability problem solving skills and the ability to adapt and learn from life s everyday experiences Historically defined by how we measure it Alfred Binet developed intelligence tests to identify slow learners Mental Age Based on ability not chronological age Formula for Calculating Intelligence Quotient IQ Mental Age Chronological Age x 100 However this formula for IQ has flaws A child with a mental age of 6 and chronological age of 5 would have the same IQ as a child with a mental age of 12 and chronological age of 10 Newer test were developed with norms for all age groups based on a standard distribution Stanford Binet and Wechsler Intelligence Tests are still used today Wechsler Intelligence Tests WPPSI preschool WISC children WAIS adults Results in a Verbal IQ Performance IQ and Full Scale IQ score Based on norms for the population 100 is the mean normal range is 85 115 Standard Bell Curve Verbal Subtests Vocabulary breadth of concepts ideas and experiences section that is most highly correlated with the overall IQ Example Question What does audacity mean Information basic fund of information culturally sensitive COD is not a term many are aware of anymore Cash on Delivery so would not be included on recent test any longer Example Question What continent is France located on Comprehension awareness of socially appropriate behavior rules and roles On the WISC questions deal with What would you do if you lost a ball that belonged to a friend different points are given depending on how good the answer is Similarities verbal concept formation level of abstraction In what way are a cat and dogballs alike Arithmetic concentration attention mathematical ability Verbal subtest Questions such as I have 4 slices of pizza I give two slices to my sister how many do I have left for myself Digit Span attention and rote memory Series of Numbers done forwards and backwards Performance Subtests Picture Arrangement social interactions and sequencing Series of cards with pictures from an event and have to put them in the correct order of how Picture Completion visual organization and concentration Series of pictures and they have things missing such as a picture of a persons face who is things happen missing teeth Object Assembly visual motor coordination principles of whole from the parts timed Jigsaw puzzles interesting to evaluate how different people put together the puzzles Block Design perception and analysis of patterns Given blocks and a picture and have to recreate the picture with the blocks Digit Symbol imitative behavior and learning capacity Every number is equivalent to a shape have to make a series of shapes based on the sequence of numbers Rosenthal and Jacobson Study Hock Reading Self fulfilling prophecy if we expect something to happen in a certain way our Teachers who expected more from specific students did better than those with lower expectancies will make it so expectations Study with teacher expectancy and student performance students grade 1 6 Teachers were told their students were given a Harvard Test of Inflected Acquisition and deceived teachers and told that the test would detect who would be a better learner or not Students were randomly assigned to be a good or bad learner The school year continued with teachers believing this Results For the entire school year the children for whom the teachers expected greater intellectual growth averaged significantly greater improvement that did the control children especially for grades 1 and 2 Possible explanations for the findings in younger children Younger children are easier to change Younger students have less developmental reputations Younger children may be more susceptible Teachers of children in lower grades may differ from the teachers of older children Culture Free Intelligence Tests Is it possible to have a culture free test Raven s Progressive Matrices XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXX XXXX A XXX B XYZ C ABC Draw a Person Tadpole People Children draw people with a head and 4 limbs Positive Correlation with Intelligence Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability IQ lower than 70 on a traditional test difficulty adapting to everyday life onset during the developmental period Mild Retardation IQ 50 70 85 of Retarded People Found later on sometimes put in regular classrooms some signs earlier on but not severe can usually hold jobs Moderate Retardation IQ 35 50 10 of Retarded People Possibly can hold jobs in controlled environments ability is limited can live in group homes Severe Retardation IQ 20 35 4 of Retarded People Sometimes develop limited speech can help participate in their own feeding activities and hygiene Profound Retardation IQ 20 1 of Retarded People Requires total care cannot care for themselves Multiple Causes of Retardation Organic over 100 single genetic traits can result in mental retardation Environmental teratogens cocaine fetal alcohol syndrome poor nutrition disease Giftedness Generally believed to be those with an IQ of 130 Upper 2 3 of the population Characteristics Precocious master things easily Teachers may not identify them correctly Gifted vs Profoundly Gifted distinction May have exceptional potential in visual performing arts leadership traits or empathy Found to be above average in height weight strength physical health emotional stability and Acceleration not current recommendation Terman long term study of gifted individuals 1 500 youngsters average IQ 150 social satisfaction throughout adulthood Known as termites psychological adjustment Spearman Two Factor Theory of Intelligence Found that most gifted kids grow up to be socially successful and above average in G Factor or General Abilities Comprehension or spatial skills verbal abilities S Factor or Specific Abilities Numerical reasoning rote memory skills Cattell Two Types of G Factor of Intelligence Fluid Intelligence innate skills not dependent on the environment more biologically based such as memory capacity speed of processing Crystallized Intelligence academic learning ability to use information learned in problem solving Related to environment and experience Sternberg s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Componential good problem solving strategies book smart Experiential creative and insightful Contextual practical application knowing when to adapt to modify the environment Linguistic people who are sensitive to the meaning of words how to effectively use words Really lucky if have all