1. Extinction Eliminating the conditioned response by eliminating the pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.ex. the conditioned response of pupil constriction to the sound of the person’s name can also be extinguished.Stimulus Discrimination When stimuli are different enough from the conditioned stimulus to not elicit the conditioned response.ex. conditioned fear to generalize from the doctor office to the grocery store, tell the differencesStimulus Generalization When stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response.ex. fear of a rat and similar stimuli to other small animal.Systematic Desensitization Gradual exposure to anxietyproducing stimuli while maintaining a relaxed state. ex. relaxe training in steps getting over their fear.Counterconditioning (Aversion Therapy) To condition a different, opposing response.ex. pedphile used to get opposing response of disgust in the presence of young children.2. Law of Effect Organisms tend to repeat responses that have satisfying consequences and tend not to repeat those that have unsatisfying consequences.3. Positive reinforcement Adding a pleasant stimuli.Negative reinforcement Taking away an unpleasant stimuli.4. Mental Age The age level of the most difficult item a child can answer correctly.Chronological Age Actual age in years, months, and days.Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.5. Criterion validity The extent to which test scores relate to some other measure. Measure the results of the test against a comparison. *Predictive validity : The relationship between test scores and later performance on a knowledge, skill or ability6. Continuous development changes Changes that are gradual, smooth, and stable, with new abilities building upon one another.Discontinuous Changes appear to be sudden and dramatic.7. Crosssectional design Studies children who vary in their ages at the same point in time.Longitudinal design Studies the same group of children over an extended period of time.8. Assimilation Incorporating a new experience into the existing schema.ex. child has a doggie and see a different kind of doggie but still a doggie.Accommodation Changing the existing schema to adapt to changes in the environment.ex. child has a doggie and see a cat, they're not the same animal.9. Stages of Piaget’s theory■ Sensorimotor 02 years of life and is characterized by the infant’s understanding the world through actions.Object permanence Realization that objects don’t disappear if they are removed or covered.Egocentrism Thinking only from your own perspective.Decentering Realizing other people see things differently than you do.Meansend behavior The deliberate use of an action to achieve some goal.■ Preoperational 27 year of life, a major change occurs in the world fo a child. The child develops the ability to represent the world and actions in terms of symbols and pretend play. *Centration Focusing on one aspect of a problem at a time.Conservation properties of an abject are not changed by appearance.■ Concrete Operational 711 year, child’s thought becomes more logical.Concrete Existing in reality. *■ Formal Operational11, a child’s thought is systematic and abstract.Ifthen reasoning/ hypotheticaldeductive reasoning Starting with a possibility and determining possible consequences.10. Changes that occur in behavior as the results of normal development & aging are referred to as age norms. 11. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Automatically elicits a response.ex. light shone in eye.Unconditioned Response (UCR) Automatically occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is present.ex. pupil constriction.Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus and now elicits the response.ex. person’s named called.Conditioned Response (CR) Response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus.ex. pupil constriction.12. We observe the effects of learning by looking at performance.13. Eliminating the pairing between the CS and the UCS leads to extinction. 14. Primary Reinforcer A reinforcer that is naturally rewarding, and typically have some connection to biological needs.ex. water and food.Conditioned (secondary) Reinforcers Reinforcers that are not automatically reinforcing but become so because of their association with other reinforcers.ex.grades and money15. Fixed Ratio Schedule A fixed number of responses is required before reinforcement occurs.ex. buy one, get one freeFixed Interval Schedule Reinforcement is available after a fixed amount of time has passed.ex. bus to the mall comes every 40 minutes.Variable Ratio Schedules The number of responses required before reinforcement occurs varies.ex. gamblingVariable Interval Schedules The amount of time before reinforcement is available varies.ex. pop quizzes16.