Chapter Twelve Personality Relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.PSYCHOANALYTIC/ PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Four key concepts 1. Levels of consciousness 2. Personality structure 3. Defense mechanisms 4. Psychosexual stages of development © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Freud’s Levels of Consciousness © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Freud's levels of awareness can be compared to an iceberg, where the tip of the iceberg represents the conscious mind, open to view. The area shallowly submerged is like the preconscious mind, which can be viewed with effort. The base of the iceberg is like the unconscious mind, completely hidden from view.Freud’s Personality Structure Three mental structures: 1. Id—the primitive, instinctive part of personality that works on the pleasure principle (seek immediate gratification) 2. Ego—the rational, decision-making part of personality that operates according to the reality principle (delay gratification of the id’s impulses until it is appropriate) 3. Superego—a set of ethical rules for behavior developed from parental and societal standards for morality. Operates on the morality principle (guilt if rules are violated) © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Defense Mechanisms The ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality and self-deception © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Defense Mechanisms © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Defending your life!! • Denial: You completely reject the thought or feeling. "I'm not angry with him!" • Suppression: You are vaguely aware of the thought or feeling, but try to hide it. "I'm going to try to be nice to him." • Reaction Formation: You turn the feeling into its opposite. "I think he's really great!" • Projection: You think someone else has your thought or feeling. "That professor hates me." "That student hates the prof." • Displacement: You redirect your feelings to another target. "I hate that secretary." • Rationalization: You come up with various explanations to justify the situation (while denying your feelings). "He's so critical because he's trying to help us do our best." • Intellectualization: A type of rationalization, only more intellectualized. "This situation reminds me of how Nietzsche said that anger is ontological despair." • Regression: You revert to an old, usually immature behavior to ventilate your feeling. "Let's shoot spitballs at people!" • Sublimation: You redirect the feeling into a socially productive activity. "I'm going to write a poem about anger." © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Let's say you are angry with a professor because he is very critical of you. Here's how the various defenses might hide and/or transform that anger so that it is tolerablePsychosexual Stages of Development Five developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Psychosexual Stages of Development © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Psychosexual Stages of Development © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Psychosexual Stages of Development © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Psychodynamic/Neo-Freudian Theories Adler’s Individual Psychology • We are motivated by our goals in life rather than by unconscious forces. • Inferiority complex—feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Psychodynamic/Neo-Freudian Theories Jung’s Analytical Psychology Two forms of the unconscious: • Personal unconscious—from individual experiences • Collective unconscious—a reservoir of inherited, universal experiences Archetypes—images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors residing in the collective unconscious © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Neo-Freudian/ Psychodynamic Theories Horney’s Blended Psychology Personality is shaped by the child’s relationship to the parents Basic anxiety—feelings of helplessness and insecurity that adults experience because as children they felt alone and isolated in a hostile environment Emphasized women’s positive traits and offered the first feminist critique of Freud’s theory © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theories Criticisms •Inadequate empirical support. Many psychoanalytic concepts—such as the psychosexual stages—cannot be empirically tested. •Overemphasis on sexuality, biology, and unconscious forces. Modern psychologists believe Freud underestimated the role of learning and culture in shaping personality. •Sexism. Many psychologists (beginning with Karen Horney) reject Freud’s theories as derogatory toward women. Enduring Influences • Defense mechanisms. Modern studies have supported the existence of defense mechanisms. • Unconscious information processing. Modern studies have demonstrated that a lot of our information processing occurs outside our conscious awareness – Automatic processing (Chapter 5) – Implicit memories (Chapter 7) • Childhood. Freud’s insights on childhood experience are still valued © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.TRAIT THEORIES © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Early Trait Theorists © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck Early trait theorists who pioneered new ways of measuring and describing personality traits Traits Relatively stable and consistent characteristics that can be used to describe someone Factor Analysis Statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data; used by Cattell and EysenckFive-Factor Model (FFM): Five Basic Personality Traits © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Evaluating Trait Theories Two major criticisms 1.Lack of explanation—focus on description rather than causal relationships 2.Stability versus change—unsure which characteristics are more