Following are the instructions taken directly from this exam EDHD 320 Exam 1 study guide Selected response 15 points 1 point per question Select the correct or best answer from the following options and mark your choice on the corresponding answer sheet If you find any of the following questions ambiguous i e you cannot find a correct or best answer you may opt to not answer the question and instead write a short essay that answers the question If you demonstrate an accurate understanding you will earn full credit If not you will have passed up your chance to guess the right answer Place a star next to the question number to indicate that you have chosen this option and write your essay on the back of the page Short Answer 20 points 4 points per question Answer five of the seven the following questions As a guideline you should use 3 5 complete sentences to construct your response Please make it clear which five questions you are answering Essays 15 points Answer your choice of one of the following essays As a guideline you will probably need 2 3 paragraphs to provide a thorough answer Please use complete sentences and structure your response logically Make sure to read the question carefully and to address all parts of the question 1 EDHD 320 Exam 1 study guide In addition to questions in the reading guide the following are some questions and terms to focus on while preparing for the exam I Introduction What are the ages for each period of the lifespan What are benefits and drawbacks for dividing up the lifespan in this way Infancy 0 2yrs 1 Prenatal Period Conception Birth 2 3 Preschool Period 2 6yrs 4 Middle Childhood 6 12yrs 5 Adolescence 12 20yrs 6 Early Adulthood 20 40yrs 7 Middle Adulthood 40 65yrs 8 Late Adulthood 65 yrs What are possible research designs used to study the lifespan Terms Cross sectional a developmental research design in which different age groups are studied at the same point and compared describes age differences Longitudinal a developmental research design in which one group of subjects is studied repeatedly over months or years describes age changes Sequential a development research design that combines the cross sectional approach and the longitudinal approach in a single study to compensate for the weaknesses of each describes age differences and age changes Ex A sequential study of gender role attitudes might begin in 1970 as a longitudinal study of a cohort of 30 year old In 1980 the researchers would reassess these adults at age 40 and start studying a second group of 30 year olds longitudinally Experimental design o the holding of all other factors besides the independent variable in an experiment constant so that any changes in the dependent variable can be said to be caused by the manipulation of the independent variable o random assignment to treatment groups to ensure similarity of groups o can establish a cause effect relationship between independent variable and dependent variable Correlational design related o a research technique that involves determining whether two or more variables are o It cannot indicate that one thing caused another but it can suggest that a casual relationship exits or allow us to predict one characteristic from our knowledge of another o Assignment by nature to groups 2 o Can be used to study issues that cannot be studied experimentally for ethical reasons II Theories of lifespan development What are 5 key developmental issues by which theorists vary What are the extreme perspectives of these key issues 1 Nature Nurture is development primarily the product of genes biology and maturation nature or of experience learning and social influences nurture 2 Goodness Badness of Human Nature are humans innately good innately bad neither tabula rasae or both tabula rasae John Locke maintained that infants are tabula rasae or blank states waiting to be written on by their experiences That is children were neither innately good nor innately bad but could develop in any direction depending on their experiences 3 Activity Passivity do humans actively shape their own environments and contribute to their own development or are they passively shaped by forces beyond their control 4 Continuity Discontinuity do humans change gradually and in quantitative ways or do they progress through qualitatively different stages and change dramatically into different beings o continuity theorists typically hold that developmental changes are gradual and quantitative whereas discontinuity theorists hold that they are more abrupt and qualitative 5 Universality Context Specificity is development similar from person to person and from culture to culture or do pathways of development vary considerably depending on the social contexts Be able to 1 describe the major points of the following theories and 2 describe how each theory would explain a scenario e g why an adolescent goes out to a party with friends instead of staying home to study for a major biology exam 1 Psychoanalytic Theories Psychoanalytic theories believe that individuals have a set of conflicts that they must resolve in order to move on in development Stage theories each conflict represents a new stage Freud s Psychosexual Theory o Conflicts to fight biological instincts sex and aggression Id irrational impulsive Ego rational Superego moral o Freud believed that childhood events are most important in shaping later o Stages oral anal phallic latent and genital o unconsciously driven by biological instinct unconscious motives id ego and Erikson s Psychosocial Theory o Conflicts identity or social o Erikson believed that there are conflicts across the entire lifespan not just behavior superego childhood 3 o Stages trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame doubt intimacy vs isolation o discontinuous conflict resolution rational and lifelong development discontinuity passivity and universality 2 Learning Theories Classical Conditioning o believe that behavior is learned when responses are paired with new stimuli o association with stimulus elicits behavior Operant Conditioning o Believe that behavior is learned in the presence of reinforcements and punishments o Behaviors that are reinforced increase and behaviors that are punished decrease o repetition punishment reinforcement Skinner Social Cognitive Theory o Bandura s Social Cognitive Theory believes that development occurs from observation and imitation of models and seeing whether others are reinforced or punished for their behaviors o