Gender roles and stereotypes Roles the patterns of behavior that females and males should adopt in a particular society Feminine Role Communality emphasizes connectedness Chapter 11 Personality an organized combination of attributes motives values and behaviors unique to each individual Components Self Concept your perceptions positive or negative of your unique attributes and traits as a person Self Esteem how good I am evaluation of self worth Identity an overall sense of who you are where you are heading and where you fit in society Principles of Personality Development McAdams and Pals Shared human nature shaped by evolution Differences in dispositional traits broad and relatively stable dimensions of personalitysuch as extraversion and introversion Differences in characteristics adaptations situation specific and changeable ways in which people adapt to their role and environments includes motives goals plans etc Differences in narrative identities own life stories unique and integrative life stories that we construct about our past and future helps give us identity and adds meaning to our lives Cultural and situational influences The Emerging Self Looking glass self Termed by Charles Horton Cooley our understanding of self is a reflection of how other people view and respond to us Our self concepts are the images cast by a social mirror Categorical self Babies classify themselves into social categories based on age sex and other visible characteristics Figuring out what is like me and what is not like me Before 18 months toddlers can tell themselves apart from other toddlers but are less able to distinguish between themselves and others in photos Self recognition Ability to recognize oneself in a mirror or a photograph Termed by Micheal Lewis and Jeanne Brooks Gunn Trait Theory Gordon Allport The Big 5 Model OCEAN Openness to experience curiosity vs sameness openness to fantasy esthetics feelings actions ideas values Conscientiousness discipline vs lack of seriousness competence order dutifulness striving for achievment deliberation Extraversion sociability vs timidity warmth positive emotions assertiveness activity excitement seeking Agreeableness compliance vs suspiciousness trust straightforwardness compliance modesty tender mindedness Neuroticism emotional stability vs stability nxiety hostility depression self consciousness impulsiveness Level of traits varies by culture doesn t account for situations context Factor analysis statistical test shows that certain traits are invariably linked together if you have one it s more likely that you have the correlating ones as well Psychoanalytic theory Freud focused on inner dynamics of id ego and superego biological urges push children through universal stages of psychosexual development unfavorable early experience leads to permanent trouble ex harsh parenting Erikson stage theory Eight stages which every healthy developing humans should pass through Personality evolves through systematic stages that confront people with different challenges Placed a lot of emphasis on social influences such as peers teachers and cultures Disagreed with Freud that the personality is largely formed by the end of early childhood Stages 1 Trust vs mistrust birth to 1 year can I trust others 2 Autonomy vs shame and doubt 1 3 years can I act on my own 3 Initiative vs guilt 3 6 years can I carry out my plans successfully 4 Industry vs inferiority 6 12 years am I competent compared with others 5 Identity vs role confusion 12 20 years who am I 6 Intimacy vs isolation 20 40 years am I ready for a relationship 7 Generativity vs stagnation 40 65 yrs have I left my mark 8 Integrity vs despair 65 and up has my life been meaningful Freud s perspective done at age 5 Unfavorable early experience lead to bad changes in personality Temperament infancy early genetically based tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events that serve as the building blocks of personality Thomas and Chess Easiness and Difficulty Easy temperament 40 Easy infants are even tempered typically content or happy and open and adaptable to new experiences such as the approach of a stranger Difficult temperament 10 difficult infants are active irritable and irregular in their habits often react negatively to changes in routine and are slow to adapt to new people or situations cry frequently and often have tantrums Slow to warm up temperament 15 Relatively inactive somewhat moody and only moderately regular in their dally schedules are slow to adapt to new people and situations but respond in mild negative ways Kagan Behavioral Inhibition concluded that this is biologically rooted early tendencies seen by 4 months impact can be seen into the teen years environment treatment by parents also matters Behaviorally inhibited tendency to be extremely shy restrained and distressed in response to unfamiliar people and situations as opposed to uninhibited high in neuroticism and low in extraversion Uninhibited readily and enthusiastically engage with strangers and all manners of new experiences Rothbart How they control emotions Surgency extraversion infancy tendency to actively and energetically approach new experiences in an emotionally positive way rather than to be inhibited and withdrawn Negative affectivity infancy tendency to be sad fearful easily frustrated and irritable as opposed to laid back and adaptable Effortful control childhood ability to sustain attention control one s behavior and regulate one s emotions as opposed to an inability to regulate ones arousal and stay calm and focused Goodness of fit Thomas and Chess extent to which the child s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of the social world to which they must adapt Concrete vs abstract self description Concrete Who uses it and what is it Younger kids physical characteristics possessions preferences etc few or no descriptions of personality traits Abstract Older kids personality intelligence etc Sense of identity Marcia model of identity statuses Diffusion no crisis experienced no commitment made individual has not yet thought about or resolved identity issues and has failed to chart direction in life Foreclosure no crisis experienced commitment made individual seems to know who he or she is but has latched onto an identity prematurely with little thought Moratorium crisis experienced no commitment made individual is experiencing an identity crisis actively raising questions and seeking answers