Lecture Guide Social Psychology Part 2 Exam 5 Based in part on the text PsychSmart McGraw Hill 2013 Gen Psych F12 Social categorization Put people in groups based on shared characteristics Generally automatic and unconscious we like when the world makes sense so we group things together Food cars People etc These groups can be anything Age sex job hair color eye glasses race nice people mean people saves mental energy helps us feel better about the world In groups Us social groups we identify with in group heterogeneity recognize we differ we share some characteristics but we re not all the same If someone does something bad in my group I say they re a bad seed I m not like that Out groups Them groups we don t identify with out group homogeneity believe they similar we assume they re all very similar overestimate all the things they share because of some common factors If one person does something wrong then I see the entire group as bad because of one person s actions Stereotype characteristics you believe all group members share Can be positive negative or neutral It s just a belief not a judgment Prototype of the group typical representation of the group when thinking of red heads the stereotype is that they are hot heads have a fiery attitude Preconceptions things you think before meeting Can be wrong for group as a whole Often wrong for individual attitude evaluation about members of a social group generally negative can be positive Prejudice prejudgment Ex Sexism Racism Can be anything You re another KSU student I like you already Origins of Prejudice Cognitive Roots Categorize and stereotype automatically Social Roots In group bias People tend to prefer their own group even in identical situations believe their group is better Belief in a just world people get what they deserve It s less stressful for us to believe that bad things happen to bad people Used to justify empowerment advantage over other groups we deserve our power they deserve to be less fortunate Emotional Roots Negative emotions nourish prejudice Realistic conflict theory when 2 groups are fighting over 1 thing limited resources then we end up not liking our competitors Oh you re from UofA Hate you scapegoat theory when we have these negative emotions we tend to find a group with less power and dump on them 1 Learning Theory modeling R reinforcement Children learn prejudices from those around them parents praise kids for saying something they agree with punish them for disagreeing Discrimination behavior treat people differently only because of social group generally deny access rights or privileges Can be positive negative Oh you re a KSU Alumnus I ll give you the job Stopping Prejudice and Discrimination Education about positives and similarities People are afraid of what they don t know educating them on just basics of other groups can eliminate prejudice Laws can make a law against discrimination can t make laws against prejudice but when laws against discrimination are created then attitudes tend to shift in a positive way Equal status contact Non competitive equal status contact especially if share common issues or problems Superordinate goal Ex Robbers Cave state park where study took place Took 22 summer camp boys split into 2 groups of 11 Didn t let the 2 interact worked on group identity for a week Put them in competitions against each other in 2nd week Saw prejudice hostility arguments and animosity immediately Put the groups together to take classes together and socialize 2 groups didn t like each other Final week they 2 groups had to work together to accomplish a goal felt better about each other Jigsaw classroom everybody had to interact in order to succeed Everyone is given a different part of the puzzle work together to finish Pro social behavior helping others Altruism help with no expectation of reward may involve risk of harm One Type helping a stranger Video Whom do we help Woman actress in distress crying Falling on ground Almost immediately people came to her aid I saw a lady in great stress so I stopped I might not have if it was a man people are likely to help a female Appears to be middle class less likely to have negative assumptions about her situation Repeated with male actor holding a bottle of beer looks homeless On ground groaning loudly ignored Takes 7 minutes for anyone to offer assistance Assumptions made on his appearance because he s male When do we help a stranger in need 9 factors 1 We notice many not aware many distractions today w phones and earbuds 2 Clearly a need less likely to act in ambiguous situations 3 We take responsibility more likely to take that responsibility if alone not with a group 2 Bystander Effect more people around less likely to get help result of group consensus diffusion of responsibility If you re in a group you notice someone may need help but not sure you look at others in your group No one else is helping so you don t act Problem is they may be looking at you and seeing you not helping so they don t More people around more likely to think well he or she can help so they don t need me someone else should step up If ever in need of help pick someone out of crowd point at them and say help me gives them responsibility and makes them help you 4 We know how if you don t know how to change a flat we won t stop to help someone on the side of the road 5 Low risk to us 6 Good Mood 7 Female in need especially males helping attractive females 8 Same race ethnicity less afraid of what we re familiar with comfortable with same race as us 9 When feel it is not victim s fault less likely to help a drunk because they did it to themselves Social Relationships We are social beings Relationships central to our lives They provide some of the best and worst parts of life People who are isolated unconnected more likely to be violent Stages or Phases of Relationships A Initial Attraction 3 factors underlie initial attraction between strangers 1 Proximity more likely to get involved with people we are physically near 2 Familiarity we begin to like things we are exposed to repeatedly mere exposure effect exception If you really don t like it to start just getting exposed to it doesn t help Must start neutral or slightly positive 3 Physical Attractiveness What makes someone attractive Initial Attraction Physical Attractiveness Key role in romance and friendships Important but not most important factor Matching hypothesis Groups of friends are likely to be similar in
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