Ch 5 Outline Learning What is learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by Classical Conditioning Who was Ivan Pavlov Russian psychologist What was his experiment Dogs and experience or practice salivation What is classical conditioning Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex Involuntary What are the four components of classical conditioning o Unconditioned response an involuntary response to a natural occurring or unconditioned stimulus Example saw food your stomach would growl or you heard a screech and you would jump o Unconditioned stimulus A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response Means unlearned or naturally occurring Example the food or the loud screech o Conditioned response Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus Example flinching o Conditioned stimulus stimulus that with repetition produces a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus Means learned Example whatever word I use with squirting face with water What is acquisition The repeated pairing of the CS and the UCS the organism is in the process of acquiring learning process of learning What are some of the conditions that must be met for classical conditioning to occur The CS must come before the UCS The CS and UCS must come very close together in time ideally only several seconds apart The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times often many times before conditioning can take place o Taste aversion conditioned you eat something and associate it with getting sick will prevent you from eating that food again since you got sick o Biological preparedness the tendency of animals to learn certain associations such as taste and nausea with only one of few pairings due to the survival value of the learning What is stimulus generalization The tendency to respond to as stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus Discrimination The tendency to not respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus alarm or bell Extinction The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus Spontaneous recovery The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior Conditioned Emotional Response emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli May lead to phobias What is higher order conditioning What are some of the theories of classical conditioning o Stimulus substitution original theory occurs because the conditioned stimulus becomes a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together o Cognitive perspective occurs because the conditioned stimulus provides information or expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus Operant Conditioning What is operant conditioning The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses o Thorndike s law of effect if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence it WILL tend to be repeated If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence it generally NOT is repeated o Skinner was a behaviorist he wanted to study only observable measurable behavior What is reinforcement When the consequence of an event behavior etc is pleasant Increases the probably that the response will occur again o Primary reinforce is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need such as hunger thirst or touch o Secondary reinforce becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforce such as praise tokens or gold stars o Positive reinforcement the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus o Negative reinforcement the reinforcement of a response by a removal escape from or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus Headache and taking aspirin What is punishment Any event or object that when following a response makes that response less likely to happen again What are some of the problems with punishment Severe punishment may cause avoidance of the punisher instead of the behavior being punished Severe punishment may encourage lying to avoid punishment May also create fear and anxiety o Punishment by application the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus Spanking o Punishment by removal the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus Getting TV taken away What are some of the ways to make punishment more effective Should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish Should be consistent Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired whenever possible with reinforcement of the right behavior What is shaping The reinforcement of simple steps that leads to a desired complex behavior Behavior modification What is behavior modification The use of operant condition techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior o Token economy types of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens Like in school o Time out a form of mild punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal child or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others Cognitive Learning Theory Who were the key figures in cognitive learning theory and what did they contribute o Tolman trained three groups of rats to run the same maze Behavior psychologist Rat experiment group 1 reinforced with food every time it made its way out Group 2 received no reinforcement for completing the maze for the first 9 days but did on the 10th Group 3 did not receive any reinforcement at any point during the experiment You don t have to be rewarded for something even if there is no reward ex Rat group2 Latent learning learning can occur without reinforcement and then later effect behavior o Kohler worked at a primate research lab in the Canaries during WW1 Chimp studies set up problems for his champanzees Reaching a banana outside of the enclosure beyond arms reach Bananas that were too high they put up a box to reach it Insight the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly o Seligman started a classical conditioning experiment on dogs Trying study escape and avoidance learning Dog experiment Learned helplessness the tendency to fail