Anatomy the structure Physiology the function structure determines the function function determines the structure The way something is structured can cause it to twist stay stable etc which is which is why structure determines function Now function can determine structure because function modifies it for example muscle Functional characteristics for maintaining life 1 Boundaries 2 Movement of blood etc 3 Responsiveness or irritability to chemical changes internal and external 4 Digestion 5 Metabolisim 6 Exertion remove the waste of the body like poop sweat etc 7 Reproduction of cells and reproducing etc 8 Growth increase in body size etc Necessary environmental factors 1 Water 2 Food 3 Oxygen 4 Body temp conserve and get rid of 5 pressure atmospherical pressure The human body is organized so it can maintain environment conductive to life The total body is a series of components ranging from simple to complex simple complex so its chemicals cells tissues organs organ systems organisms all of these are interrelated and interdependent the function is to maintain a constant internal environment for the survival of cells AKA homeostasis review all organization stuff on power point Tissue composed of cells Organs composed of tissues Organ systems composed of organs Organisms composed of organ systems these are all related for the survival of cells Homeostasis constant internal state regardless of the external condition Bernard was the first to recognize this and then cannon coined the term When the doctor says your are sick he is saying that you have a homeostatic imbalance you are away from your homeostatic state How to keep homeostatic control Your body must have these 3 things Receptor must be able to sense changes Integrator control center that responds Effector structures that restore homeostasis Sometimes negative feedback can trigger this for example the thermos turns off so it can trigger the heat thing that makes the house warm so on average it is how you want it to be Homeostatic control of blood pressure circulatory stretch receptors detect change or drop in BP cardiac center in brainstem sends our nerve signal heart race increases BP increases Feedback Mechanism for homeostasis It s the process of taking output information from a system and putting it back into system as input for instruction Can be neg and poss Negative Abnormal values trigger mechanisms that return system to normal values which diminish the original stimulus Keeps a variable close to its set point This can increase body temperature Positive It s a self amplifying cycle The change leads to continued movement in the same direction which drives the system out of balance The response enhances the original stimulus outcome Self amplifying and normal way of producing rapid changes What is normal homeostasis It depends on the circumstance average set point Human Thermoregulation The brain senses changes in blood temperature If the body overheats vessels dilate in skin and sweating begins If too cold vasoconstriction in skin occurs and shivering starts These things happen because the brain is sending the body a message to fix it The core area of your body that your need to keep warm is the area between your groin and your throat Fever temperature above 108 degrees metabolic rate increases causing faster heat production When temp increases the cycle begins again Fatal at 113 degrees Stress Any stimulant that creates an imbalance in the internal environment It disturbs homeostasis Can start internally bad thoughts etc or externally noise heat cold If its mild then mechanisms can cope with it if its severe then they cant heart attack surgery etc Anatomical position how she had us stand look over before test Ipsolateral same side Contralateral opposite side Superficial close to surface Deep away from surface Cranial towards the head Caudal towards the inferior trunk Visceral inner part Parietal pertaining to the walls of a cavity Appendicular body appendages arms legs Axial body central axis skull vertebra ribs Body Cavities Contain vital organs The ventral body cavity and the thoracic body cavity by the diaphragm from the Abdominopelvic cavity stomach liver spleen gall bladder small intestine and most large intestine and the pelvic cavity end of large intestines bladder reproductive organs heart lungs is separated Body planes describe orientation of body parts and define most movements Frontal Plane also known as coronal is through the body like from shoulder to shoulder It divides the body into front and back Midsagittal Plane divides the body so that there is a right and left side sagittal cut Transverse Plane divides body so that there is a upper and lower portion It divides it into inferior and superior study the views of the body from these positions CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Element composition Atom simplest particle electronically neutral interacts Molecules simplest particle Neutrons No charge 1 amu Protons single positive charge 1 amu Electrons around nucleus in electron shells determine chem properties of an atom Valence electrons Electrons of outer most shell determines behavior interacts Nucleus Center of atom has protons and electrons Ions partials that carry a charge due to an unequal of protons and electrons Ionization giving and taking of ions between atoms stability of valance shell Anion Neg charge particle that gains electrons Cation poss charge particle that looses electrons Catabolism energy releasing chem bond of 2 or more atoms ions molecules disassociated Anabolism energy storing 2 or more atoms ions molecules combining to form a bigger molecule AKA Synthesis reaction example A B AB Exchange or displacement reactions combination of catabolism and anabolism two different molecules changing position First its catabolism then anabolism 7 Elements that account for 98 5 of the body s weight Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus and Potassium Oxidation Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy In this process a molecule is oxidized and whatever molecule takes the electrons from it is an oxidizing agent How does oxidation and reduction work in cells They are coupled so substance 1 is oxidized which substance 2 is reduced Oxidation gives off or produces energy so the cell oxidizes glucose to produce energy for cells to work Oxidation of glucose glucose oxidized to carbon dioxide give up hydrogen electrons Oxygen reduced to water accepts hydrogen electrons