CHAPTER 4 AND 5 STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM 3 BRING CALCULATOR Know and understand the following Alcohol sugars Sorbitol mannitol and xylitol non sugar sweeteners Saccharin aspartame PKU Acesulfame K Potassium Sucraalose stevia Diabetes mellitus Type I childhood and adolescence autoimmune disorder that destroys the insulin producing cells of the pancreas resulting in little or no insulin production Diabetes II middle aged skeletal muscle and adipose tissue develop insulin resistance resulting in blood glucose levels that are above normal Can be managed by diet weight loss and exercise Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women temporary form of diabetes that develops in 4 7 of pregnant women Insulin resistant brought on by hormonal changes that take place during pregnancy Secondary diabetes brought on by other diseases medical conditions and medications Define diabetes mellitus signs symptoms regulation of glucose levels and the diet guidelines Symptoms frequent urinations thirst fatigue weightloss hunger and ketosis Insulin resistance condition characterized by the inability of insulin receptors to respond to the hormone insulin Risk factors and complications of diabetes health complications heart attacks and strokes blindness limb amputation Monosaccharides single sugar molecules that are made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms Disaccharides carb made up of two sugar molecules Digested into small intestine Storage forms glucose animal and plan Total fiber combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber functional fiber fiber added to food to provide beneficial physiological effects soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water insoluble fiber remains unchanged in water Health benefits of fiber food source nourishing cells that line the colon Protect from cardiovascular disease obesity and type 2 diabetes Structure of monosaccharide s 6 carbon atoms called hexose sugars They consist of 6 carbon 12 hydrogen and 6 oxygen atoms It s a 1 2 1 ratio Glucose fructose and fructose Oligosaccharides complex carb made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharides Polysaccharides complex carb that consist if more than 10 monosaccharides Most come types are starch dietary fiber and glycogen Glycogen polysaccharide consisting of highly branched arrangement of glucose molecules Found in live and skeletal muscles Broken down quickly for energy Gluconeogenesis formation of glycogen Occurs in mainly the liver and skeletal muscle Glucagon hormone secreted by the pancreatic cells in response to decreased blood glucose Ketosis condition resulting from excessive ketones in the blood ketone bodies organic compound used as an energy source during starvation fasting low carb diets or uncontrolled diabetes Digestion absorption of carbohydrates begins in mouth salivary amylase then moves to small intestine pancreatic maltase and dextrinase Glycemic response change in blood glucose following the ingestion of a specificfood glycemic load a rating system used to categorize the bodys glycemic response to foods that take into account the glycemic index as well as the amount of carbs found in a single serving of food Hormone regulation of blood glucose lowest in the morning after overnight fast and returning after breakfast Produced by pancreas beta cells insulin and alpha cells glucagon after meal blood glucose increase which stimulates the release of insulin The insulin enables glucose transporters to take up glucose from the blood into tissues sells In the liver insulin promotes the formation of glycogen Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and release of glucose into blood RDA carbs 130 g a day AMDRS of carbohydrate 225 325 g a day RDA fiber 21 38 g diabetes mellitus metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood also known as hyperglycemia Essential amino acids nutrient composed of a central carbon bonded to an amino group carboxylic acid group and side chain group PKU phenylketonuria an inherited disease which the body cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine Can cause nonessential amino acids to become conditionally essential sickle cell anemia disease casused by an inherited genetic variation single error in the amino acid sequence of the protein hemoglobin sickle cell mutation results in the insertion of an incorrect amino acid for the correct amino acid during translation Critical energy source for glucose is the brain and red blood cell Protein nitrogen containing macronutrient made from amino acid Protein complementation such as rice and beans and rice and corn incomplete protein limiting amino acids Primary structure of a protein the sequence of amino acids that make up a single peptide chain Secondary structure of a protein folding of a protein because of a weak bonds that form between elements of the amino acid backbone Tertiary structure of a protein folding of a polypeptide chain because if interactions among R groups of the amino acids Quaternary structure of protein the combining of peptide chains with other peptide chains in a protein Digestion absorption of protein gastric cells release the hormone gastrin which enters the blood causing release of gastric juices Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen to pepsin which begins to diges proteins by hydrolyzing Partially digested proteins enter the small intestine and cause release of the hormones secretin Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the intestine Pancreatic proemzymes are converted to active enzymes Food allergy know what foods to avoid Read food labels and wear medical bracelet food intolerance a condition in which the body reacts negatively to a food or food component but does not mount an immune response Signs symptoms physical reactions such as a rash tingling of mouth hives itching swelling wheezing dizziness Anaphylaxis rapid immune response that causes a sudden drop in blood pressure rapid Denature of protein occurs when a protein unfolds Protein will not work and lose its function pulse dizziness Functions of protein Structure basic structure of tissues bones teeth and skin Catalysis enzymes Movement found in muscles ligament and tendons Transport movement of substances across cell membranes Protection skin proteins and immune proteins Regulation of fluid balance regulate the distribution of fluid in the body How are proteins made Cell signaling initiates protein synthesis Up and down regulation Transcription transfers genetic