Social Cognition Heuristic thinking automatic and controlled processing What are some schemas what types of schemas does any given person possess What are the adv and disadv of using schemas USE EXAMPLES How people select attend interpret remember and use social information to make judgements and decisions about others ourselves and situations schemas once surroundings defined categorize cues can trigger schemas mental representations of all information relevant to a concept Types personal schema impression self schema self concept event schema script restaurant group schema stereotype adv 1 interpret ambiguous information laundry and cow examples 2 influence what info is attended to and recalled self schema intelligence course register study what was in the picture depends on what you think the major is 3 fill in missing information South Philly story about man 4 can prompt usage of appropriate behaviors unscramble words and measure old people walk down hall BCB 5 efficiency in making judgements Disadv 1 perceiving that which was not there Amadou Diallo case no gun Gun Bias Study 2 remember what did not happen Eyewitness testimony Loftus 3 Self Fulfilling prophecy Pygmalian effect Social cognition how people select interpret remember and use social information to make judgements and decisions What is priming How does priming influence schemas and subsequent behavior or perpetual processes What are some experimental examples of this phenomenon Heuristics Define and distinguish between each kind examples Judgement Heuristics Steve shy withdrawn little interest in people need order introvert if 100 men 30 is a librarian and 70 is farmers most think he is a librarian so you score higher steve is 30 chance a librarian Representativeness Heuristic the tendency to judge the category membership of things based on how closely they match the typical or average member of that category if something has these characteristics it must belong to that category note that RH inductive is different from a stereotype deductive RH exposes our proclivity to neglect base rates Base rate the frequency with which some event or pattern occurs in the general populations Base rates fallacy the tendency to underuse base rate information used on TV bias are ways of thinking about things Availability Heuristics the tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how day it is to think of examples of that event Ex hit by falling air craft parts or shark attack people think shark attacks more known you hear pit bull attacks often so when you say if you would be bit by a pit bull or a poodle people always say pit bull Most important factor for availability heuristic is the ease of memory recall Schwartz et all 1991 asks to list 12 examples difficult or when they were assertive vs 6 examples easy self assessments only reflected the implications of recalled content if recall was easy The anchoring and adjustment heuristic the tendency to be biased towards a starting value or anchor in making quantitative judgements occurs even when the anchor is completely arbitrary or absurd judgements can be influenced by any information recently attended to even if it has nothing to do with the judgement phone number vs physicians in manhattan Anchors can influence judgement in 2 ways 1 Assimilation when we are uncertain the anchor will pull our judgement towards it 2 Contrast when we are certain the anchor will push our judgements away from it Example How many physicians in Manhattan 0000 1999 estimate is 8 343 8000 9999 estimate is 15 240 past The Hindsight Bias the tendency to overestimate our ability to have foreseen an outcome after an event has occurred I knew it all along We tend to rewrite memories with surprising outcomes by selectively recalling info that is consistent with now known outcome tends to gain strength overtime does not occur if the event is too bizarre or self esteem is threatened Mark and Mellor 1991 laid off factory workers vs survivors vs community community members had hindsight bias laid off workers did not have hindsight bias Define apply hindsight bias counterfactual thinking false consensus effect false uniqueness effect confirmation bias self fulfilling prophecy belief in a just world Counterfactual thinking the tendency to evaluate events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes to what actually happened coping prepare us for the future But the degree to which we can imagine alternatives to a negative outcome may also increases the amount of disappointment or regret we feel about it something important to you that you miss just a little makes you more upset olympic medals run but not long run acts of commission action cause more regret then omission in short present and future False consensus effect you re all the same the tendency for people to overestimate how common ones own attitudes opinions and beliefs are ex if you are liberal you think a lot of other people are liberal especially with your in group gender UD ect self other overlap moderator perceived similarity Study see gender and then think of what the person will be like self processing done in the medial frontal cortex guessing someone else like these things similar to them use same brain parts that determines what self likes False uniqueness effect you re special tendency to underestimate how common one s own describable traits are abilities are assume you have amazing skill or trait that is a lot different than other people Confirmation Bias go w info you like and ignore rest the tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information if people are invested in the outcome and information received is consistent with beliefs passively accepted if not critical analysis Does this have any implications in science makes it difficult for researchers because they have beliefs for their results Introvert study Snyder and Swann 1978 Ps test hypothesis that partner is an introvert or extrovert then interview is given a list of questions lead to introverted or extroverted partner s audio responses are coded Results people search for information in a biased way interview extrovert chose extroverted questions coders rate partners behavior as conforming to these expectancies Belief in a Just World people get what they deserve the belief that the world is a fair and equitable place where people get what they good things happen to good people bad things happen to bad people we can