Cognition What is it Thinking Manipulating and transforming info in memory All mental activities with knowing remembering deciding solving judging and communicating Cognition Common Major Theme Conservation of resources energy short cuts Automatic vs Controlled Processing A reflexive uncontrolled rapid intuitive often experience based C conscious deliberate effortful analytical Concepts and Mental Images Content of thought what we manipulate in our minds represent things present but also allow us to think about past and future Concepts ideas that represent a group of similar objects events ideas or people categories How do they help efficient helps deal with new data helps communication organization hierarchies Prototype typical example the more new info looks acts like your prototype the easier it is to understand and work with Internal picture like representations things or events Organization often faster more efficient than verbal Ex mental maps help find things Mental Images How do they help Problem Solving What is problem solving Finding ways to reach a goal figuring things out What is reasoning Transforming information to reach conclusions Inductive prior observations lead to general conclusion Deductive from known general principle predict specific Inductive General Deductive General Bottom up Top Down Specific Specific What is decision making Evaluating alternatives and choosing among them Comparison of Problem Solving Methods Trial and Error Definition try different ways until one works random Additional Info least sophisticated may or may not work Examples Random arrangements of psychology juice Algorithms Definition step by step procedure that guarantees an answer Additional labor intensive not available for all Examples every letter every place formula juice Heuristics Definition educated guess based on past short cut Additional faster but more error prone most common means ends analysis Examples Psych tv show for kids Insight Definition solution comes suddenly vs strategy often novel Additional aha Example Bird in the pipe sand jokes crab pine sauce apple Creativity Definition ability to combine ideas and behaviors in new ways Additional related to divergent thinking outside the box Examples juice new door one word Problem Solving Issues Things that hurt 1 Confirmation bias our tendency to search for info that supports what we think AND ignore or distort info that contradicts our beliefs Examples baby political debates global warming etc 2 Fixation stuck in your ways a Mental set tend to approach problems from only one way especially if it worked in the past Ex OTTF JFMA Sometimes failure to see from a new perspective can slow problem solving b Functional Fixedness tendency to only think of usual function Ex searching house for a screwdriver when a dime would work no body soap 3 Representative Heuristic judging how likely something is by how well it represents the prototype 4 Availability Heuristic the easier it is to think of an example the more likely we think it is Sometimes right but ease may be due to vividness or personal experience is not typical 5 Overconfidence we are often more confident than we are correct We overestimate accuracy of our beliefs judgments ex planning fallacy 6 The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon tendency to cling to initial conceptions even after the basis they were formed on has been discredited 7 Effects of Framing how an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
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