Chapter 55 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template 1 Define ecology a Study of how organisms relate to one another and to their environments b Abiotic non living c Biotic living 2 The Environmental Challenges a Describe the key elements of the environment that often determine which organisms live in particular climates or region i Water ii Sunlight iii iv Temperature Soil b Many organisms employ physiological behavioral or morphological mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in their environment Describe the adaptations of the fog basking beetle Fig 55 1 i Individual must maintain a steady state internal environment regardless of external environment ii Beetle is catching water to help live in a dry environment iii Some are conformers adopt temperature salinity of their surroundings c Environmental Challenge i Responses to cope can be 1 Short term from a few minutes to an individual s lifetime 2 Long term natural selection can operate to make a population better adapted to the environment d Describe several physiological adjustments to environmental change include table 55 1 i sweating increased erythrocyte production making antifreeze e Describe morphological adjustments to environmental change include Fig 55 2 i Endotherms have adaptations that minimize energy expenditure 1 Thick fur coats during the winter f Describe behavioral adjustments to environmental change include Fig 55 3 i Moving from one habitat to another ii Maintain body temperature g Describe how natural selection leads to evolutionary adaptation to environmental conditions i Compare closely related species that live in different environments to see ii Allen s rule of reduced surface area Mammals from colder climates have results of natural selection shorter ears and limbs iii Desert frogs evolved a greatly reduced rate of water loss through skin 3 Populations Groups of a Single Species in One Place a Define 3 characteristics of population ecology i Population a species living in the same place at the same time 1 Population range area throughout which a population occurs 2 Pattern of spacing of individuals 3 How population changes in size through time Chapter 55 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template ii Range most species have limited geographic range 1 Devil s hole pupfish lives in a single spring in southern Nevada 2 Polar bears are well adapted for the Arctic you won t find them in the b Explain how a species range changes over time tropics i Environment changes ii Circumvent inhospitable habitat to colonize suitable previously unoccupied areas iii Humans have introduced species c How are species dispersed to new geographic areas i Lizards colonized distant islands due to individuals or eggs floating or drifting on vegetation ii Seeds of plants disperse in many ways d Describe the three spacing patterns of individuals in a population Include examples Random spacing individuals do not interact strongly with one another not common in nature i ii Uniform spacing behavioral interactions resource competition iii Clumped spacing uneven distribution of resources common in nature 4 Population Demography and Dynamics a Define i Demography quantitative study of populations 1 How size changes through time a Whole population increasing decreasing constant b Population broken down into parts i Study birth and death rates of a specific age b Population growth can be influenced by the population s sex ratio 1 Number of births directly related to number of females ii Generation time average interval between birth of an individual and birth of its offspring 1 Populations with short generations increase quickly populations with long generations increase slowly although there are exceptions iii Fecundity number of offspring produced in a standard time period iv Age structure determined by the numbers of individuals in a different age 1 Critical influence on a population s growth rate 2 Cohort group of individuals of the same age v Life table shows probability of survival and reproduction through a cohort s vi Mortality rate death rate in a standard time period vii Survivorship percentage of an original population that survives to a given group life age viii Survivorship Curve expresses aspects of age distribution c Summarize these concepts i Sex ratio and generation time affect population growth rates Chapter 55 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template ii Age structure is determined by the numbers of individuals in different age groups d What is the relationship between generation time and population size e Describe the three survivorship curves in Fig 55 10 and know examples of from each of the three types of curves 5 Life History and the Cost of Reproduction a What is meant by an organism s life history i Complete life cycle of an organism ii Trade off limited resources vs increased reproduction iii Natural selection favors traits that maximize the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation by an individual organism 1 Collared Flycatchers a Experiment demonstrates the trade off between current reproductive effort and future reproductive success b Cost of reproduction b In terms of natural selection number of offspring produced is not as important as how many of those offspring themselves survive to reproduce c Balance between number of offspring and the size of offspring larger offspring have a greater chance of survival producing many small offspring may result in very low survival rates d Age at first reproduction correlates with life span i Long lived species delay reproduction 1 Advantage juveniles gain experience before high cost of e Short lived species reproduce early reproduction i Time is important delay may mean no offspring f Describe how the life histories of the following have trade offs i Douglas fir tree ii Birds described in Fig 55 12 iii Birds described in Fig 55 13 g Summarize how a trade off exists between the number of offspring and the investment per offspring Fig 55 14 and 55 15 h How does age at first reproduction correlate with life span 6 Environmental Limits to Population Growth a Populations often remain the same regardless of the number of offspring born b Exponential growth model applies to population with no growth limits c R b d i e d R rate of pop Increase e D death rate f B birth rate g I immigration h E emigration i Biotic potential rate a population can grow if there are no limits Chapter 55 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template 7 Factors that Regulate Populations j E I and