Chapter 10 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template Fill in this outline in lecture then use your textbook to add to it Notes from just the lecture are not enough to do well in this class If a cell dies will water be able to cross the membrane Yes dues to osmosis What type of amino acids would you expect to find in the outside portion of a transmembrane protein Non polar amino acids 1 What are characteristics of bacterial cell division Fig 10 1 a Process name Binary Fission b Genetic Result Creates a clone c What is the chromosome like and how is it replicated One and it s circular d What is a septum A cross wall forms around divided DNA divider cell wall forms unique only to prokaryotic cells e Septation production of septum separates cell s other components 2 What is some background information on eukaryotic chromosomes a How do chromosomes differ between species Every species has a different number of chromosomes How many total chromosomes do humans have 46 How many pairs do we have 23 b c What does the term fluid mosaic refer to 3 What is the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes a What is chromatin Mixture of DNA and protein b A single chromosome is one long continuous double strand of DNA How does this compare to bacterial chromosomes i In the non dividing nucleus some expressed and some not 4 What are the levels of eukaryotic chromosome structure Fig 10 5 a Why does the DNA molecule need to be further packaged b What is a histone c What is a nucleosome i Complex of DNA and histone proteins ii Promote and guide coiling of DNA iii DNA duplex coiled around 8 histone proteins every 200 nucleotides iv Wrapped into higher order coils 5 What is a karyotype and how are they used Array of chromosomes in an individual organism 6 Important definitions a Haploid n 1 set of chromosomes 23 in humans b Diploid 2n human 2 complete sets of chromosomes 46 total c Homologues also homologous pair of chromosomes are homologous each one is homologue Chapter 10 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template d Sister chromatids when two homologue chromosomes come together they form a sister chromatid 7 What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids Fig 10 7 Sister Chromosomes are exact copies of each other Homologous is half the chromosome is from dad and the other half is from mom 8 Give a general overview of the 5 phases of the cell cycle Fig 10 8 1 Prophase 2 Prometaphase 3 Metaphase 4 Anaphase 5 Telophase G Gap phase S DNA Synthesis G1 S G2 Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis 9 Duration of the cell cycle a What phase do most cells spend most of their life in G1 Interphase mature cells take longer to grow b How long does it take a typical mammalian cell to divide 24 hours c What is the resting phase G0 Cell cycle arrest G1 cellular contents G0 cells spend more or less time here 10 What are the three phases of interphase and what is the main event of each phase G1 cells undergo major portion of growth S replicate DNA G2 chromosomes coil more tightly centrioles replicate tublin synthesis a b c d What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore Attachment site for microtubules i Each sister chromatid has a centromere ii Chromatids stay attached at the centromere i 11 Summarize each of the 5 phases of the M phase Include significant events of each Use Fig 10 11 The headers of section 10 5 and the summary page of the chapter for guidance Prophase chromosomes condense and become visible chromosoomes appear as two sister chromatids held by centromere cytoskeleton disassembled spindle apparatus assembles golgi and ER are dispersed nuclear envelope breaks down Prometaphase transition occurs after disassembly of nuclear envelope chromosomes attach to spindle through microtubule attachment chromosomes begin to move assembly and disassembly Metaphase alignment of chromosomes at equator called metaphase plate chromosomes attach to opposite poles and are under tension iii ii Chapter 10 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template iv Anaphase centromere split sister chromatids separate 2 forms of movements chromosomes move toward poles poles move apart v Telophase spindle apparatus disassembles nuclear envelope forms nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus 12 What is cytokinesis a Definition The division of the cytoplasm in the cell to create two new cells cleavage of the cell into equal halves Not a part of metaphase b c How does this process compare in plants and animals Animal cells Cleavage furrow Plant cells cell plate forms Fungi and some protists just weird 13 What are the two irreversible points of the cell cycle 14 What is a checkpoint Why might the cell cycle be put on hold To check the DNA to make sure the cell replicated the DNA and are the chromosomes aligned at the equator 15 What are the three checkpoints of the cell cycle name and brief description i G1 cell decides to divide primary point for external signal influence ii G2 cell makes a commitment to mitosis assesses success of DNA replication iii Metaphase cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle 1 Presence of all chromosomes at the metaphase plate and tension on the microtubules between opposite poles are both important 2 Function trigger anaphase through protein interactions 16 Cyclin dependent kinases Cdks drive the cell cycle a What are Cyclin dependent kinases type of molecule and function i Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins ii Partner with different proteins cyclins at different points in the cell cycle iii Cyclins group of regulatory protiens iv Cdks group of enzymes cyclin complex v Activity of Cdk is controlled by the pattern of phosphorylation 1 Phosphorylation at one site inactivates Cdk 2 Phosphorylation at another site activates Cdk b Cdks partner with cyclins at different parts of the cell cycle c What are some of the internal and external signals that control progress through the cell summarized in Fig 10 21 17 What are growth factors How to they influence the cell cycle Act by triggering intracellular signaling systems Growth factors can override cellular controls that otherwise inhibit cell division 18 How is cancer related to the cell cycle Unrestrained uncontrolled growth of cells Failure of cell cycle control Two kinds of genes can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated Chapter 10 Lecture and Reading Note taking Template a What are tumor suppressor genes i P53 plays a key role in G1 checkpoint ii P53 protein monitors integrity of DNA iii Function to prevent the