1 Early work to determine what molecule was responsible for genetic information a Griffith What is meant by transformation And what is our modern interpretation of i Transformation transfer of virulence from one cell to another ii Modern Interpretation genetic material was actually transferred between this principle cells b Hershey and Chase i What are bacteriophages and what two molecules are they made of 1 Viruses that infect bacteria 2 DNA and protein words inject into bacteria ii What did Hershey and Chase discover You can limit this answer to 6 7 1 That DNA not protein constituted the genetic information that viruses 2 DNA Structure a What are the three components of DNA i Which two bases are pyrimidines and which two are purines Which have two rings and which have one ring 1 AG purines two rings TC pyrimidines one ring ii Draw two nucleotides connected by a phosphodiester bond Circle the 5 end and the 3 end b Chargaff Franklin and Wilkins i What are Chargaff s rules 1 Proportion of A always equals that of T and the proportion of G always equals that of C 2 The ratio of G C to A T varies with different species ii What did Franklin contribute to our understanding of DNA s structure 1 Performed X ray diffraction studies to identify the 3 D structure i What did Watson and Crick contribute to our understanding of DNA s c Watson and Crick structure 1 Proposed a double helix structure 2 Used evidence from Chargaff Franklin and others ii What is the structure of DNA 1 2 strands of nucleotides 2 Phosphodiester backbone 3 Antiparallel 4 Complementarity of bases 5 Bonding patterns gives consistent diameter of turns iii What is meant by complementary of bases 1 Although strands are not identical they each can be used to specify the other by bas pairing iv The backbone blue ribbon is held together by bonds and the bases are connected by bonds Fill in with the type of bond 3 DNA Replication a What is meant by semiconservative replication i One strand of the parental duplex remains intact in daughter strands a new complementary strand is built for each parental strand consisting of new molecules b What are the three things needed to replicated DNA i Something to copy ii Something to do the copying iii Building blocks to make the copy c What is meant by discontinuous replication Why is replication discontinuous on one strand d What is the name of the main enzyme that performs the bulk of the DNA synthesis i DNA primase e Be able to explain Fig 14 13 and Fig 14 15 f What is a replication fork appearance g What is a replisome i Partial opening of a DNA helix to form two single strands has a fork i Enzymes involved in DNA replication form a macromolecular assembly h Look at the posted concept map on D2L and know definitions of each of the terms 4 Eukaryotic Replication differ a How does eukaryotic replication compare to prokaryotic replication How does it i Large amount of DNA organized into multiple chromosomes ii Linear structure of the chromosomes b Prokaryotic replication i Replication begins at one origin of replication ii Proceed in both directions around the chromosome c Why do linear chromosomes have specialized ends i They protect the ends of the chromosomes from the nucleases and maintain the integrity of linear chromosomes d What are telomeres and telomerase i Telomeres specialized structures found on the ends of eukaryotic ii Telomerase enzyme uses an internal RNA as a template and not the DNA chromosomes itself 5 DNA Repair a Why is DNA repair important to the cell and the organism b What are mutagens define and provide examples i Agents that damage DNA can lead to mutations and any agent that increases the number of mutations above background levels c Describe photorepair i Specific for one particular form of damage caused by UV light namely the thymine dimer d Describe excision repair synthesis i Damaged region is removed or excised and is then replaced by DNA Chapter 14 The Genetic Material 1 Frederick Griffith 1928 a Live S strain cells killed the mice b Live R strain cells did not kill the mice c Heat killed S strain cells did not kill the mice d Heat killed S strain live R strain cells killed the mice i S strain transformed by the heat of the other dead bacteria 2 Transformation information passed from the dead S strain into the live R strain cells a Modern interpretation genetic material transferred between the cells 3 Hershey Chase 1952 a Bacteriophages i Viruses that infect bacteria ii Made of only DNA and protein iii Conclusion DNA is the genetic material iv Bacteria has Sulfur DNA does not 4 DNA is a nucleic acid made of nucleotides a 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose b Phosphate group attached to 5 carbon c Free hydroxyl group OH Attached at the 3 carbon of sugar 5 Phosphodiester bonds connect nucleotides a Between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3 OH of the next nucleotide 6 DNA Replication b The chain of the nucleotides has a 5 3 orientation c Chargaff s Base Pairing Rule AG Purines TC Pyrimidines a Conservative Semiconservative Dispersive b Requires 3 things i Template Parent Strand ii DNA polymerase iii enzymes iii Nucleotides Initiation replication begins c d Elongation new strands of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase e Termination replication is terminated 7 DNA polymerases a Add new bases to 3 end of existing strands b Synthesize in 5 to 3 direction c Require a primer of RNA d RNA polymerase makes primer e DNA polymerase extends primer 8 Prokaryotic Replication