Physiology Final Review Exam 1 11 In central Ohioans a new messenger Buckeye Pride Factor BPF is discovered BPF does not leave the plasma membrane of the signaling cell but causes the effector to create a dioxygenated compound O H I O BPF is best categorized as a juxtacrine 15 To be most beneficial to your body s immune system you should take antioxidants when you are recovering from an infection 25 A cell receives a message to replicate Correct statements about how the message could have arrived are that it could only have moved through either extracellular or intracellular fluid it did not need to detach from the sending cell and it could have been sent by the cell that received it 27 Correct statements about free radicals are that they can be created by the electron transport chain and eliminated by donors and they can effectively kill off pathogens or effector cells 33 For the plasma membrane a correct listing of a type of protein first then a compound containing many sugars and finally an amphipathic compound would be channel glycocalyx and transmembrane 35 During some intestinal disorders diarrhea occurs when the cell barrier lining the intestinal walls breaks down and there is an outflux of water from the body into the intestines Breaking of these cell tight junctions would most likely contribute to this outflux of water 47 Fascia is the term for a layer of connective cells that is fibrous and commonly found around muscles blood vessels and nerves Fascia would be best described as a tissue 51 Correct statements about the plasma membrane are that lipophilic components will not be associated with the interstitial fluid when amphipathic components interact with hydrophobic components bonds spontaneously form and peripheral proteins reside only on the cytosolic surface of the cell 57 The fun loving dog Vincent recently has been shedding and panting more intensely than he did in February Correct statements about Vincent would be that he is experiencing an annual biorhythm and is acclimated to winter temperatures 59 Correct statements about homeostasis are that it typically involves energy expenditure to maintain it is the state at which the body is held at a specific set point and the body s response to a disruption from homeostasis could be to maintain the disruption Exam 2 1 Correct statements about the movement through a protein channel are that the ion will only move with its gradient mechanical gating does not require a ligand energy is not required for the movement and water can move through such a channel 13 The fun loving dog Vincent enjoys stuffed toys but will never play with a rope His favorite stuffed toy is an elephant It could correctly be said that Vincent has a specificity for stuffed toys and a high affinity for the elephant 25 Correct statements about active transport are that primary active transport always requires energy but is not always countertransport in secondary active transport at least one solute follows its gradient and secondary active transport is dependent on primary active transport 27 Correct statements about carrier mediated transport are that the transport rate of a saturated transporter will decrease as the gradient greatly increases unlike channels transporters can move solutes against their gradient and active transport usually takes solutes against their gradient 29 During osmosis the net movement of water is from its high to its low concentration but solutes need not be moving 31 ATP will be used to complete the transport in exocytosis and primary active transport 35 Correct statements about astrocytes are that they remove potassium from around the neurons regulate the blood brain barrier and are extremely important in fetal and early childhood development D All three statements are correct about astrocytes 41 When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution the osmolarity inside the cell will decrease and if the cell is connected to another cell via a gap junction they will achieve the same osmolarity 43 To increase the response to an agonistic drug in a patient you could increase the saturation of the drug s receptor and or increase the receptor s affinity for the drug 55 Activation of opioid receptors by natural opiates inhibit the brain s ability to receive pain messages The drug morphine binds to the opioid receptors and acts as a pain killer Correct statements about morphine are that it is an agonist for the opioid receptors and it has a high affinity for the opioid receptors 59 The response when a ligand binds to a receptor might be that a muscle cell could shorten ATP could be created from fats or an electrical distribution change could occur Exam 3 7 An electrical signal is conducted via graded potentials between the nodes of Ranvier and the amplitude of the potentials in adjacent nodes of Ranvier are the same 11 During an action potential the cell repolarizes when the K opened channels have finally 19 A person has a brain injury that impacts only his ability to either see or hear but without damage to eyes or ears The part of the brain in which the injury might be located is the thalamus 23 After an elbow injury you have difficulty moving your fingers Your doctor tells you that he believes you injured the axon part of a set of neurons 29 If a stimulus is causing a large amount of pain it will not be due to a very large action potential or the hyperpolarization of the afferent 41 Correct statements about Vm are that it indicates the voltage i e electrical gradient across the cell membrane and is the sum of the equilibrium potentials for all ions 47 Correct statements about neurotransmitters is that acetylcholine can be released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons and the actions of the brain stem could be influenced by serotonin levels 51 The fun loving dog loves to catch bees in his mouth Unfortunately one bee did not enjoy being trapped and Vincent feels his tongue get stung We can correctly say that what occurred to Vincent will result in a graded potential that created a threshold potential and an action potential propagated down an afferent neuron 53 Correct statements about neurotransmitters are that they are most typically hydrophilic ligands dopamine is a biogenic amine and amino acids can cause depolarizations Exam 4 3 After wearing a buckeye necklace for about a game your relative realizes that he no longer feels it and is concerned that the poisonous nuts have left him permanently damaged Fortunately you
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