Psych Reading For Week of April 22nd Pages 653 654 How different Groups of People Respond to Psychotherapy Research suggest that socioeconomic status gender race ethnicity and age typically have little or no bearing on the outcome of therapy Common Factors Those that cut across many or most therapies responsible for improvement across diverse treatments Empathetic listening Instilling hope Establishing a strong emotional bond with clients Providing a clear theoretical rationale for treatment Implementing techniques that offer new ways of thinking feeling and behaving Specific Factors Those that characterize only certain therapies Include exposure challenging irrational beliefs and social skills training Scientist Practitioner Gap Refers to the sharp cleft between psychologists who view psychotherapy as more of an art than a science and those who believe that clinical practice should primarily reflect well replicated scientific findings Empirically Supported Treatments Interventions for specific disorders backed by high quality scientific evidence derived from controlled studies Pages 658 665 Biomedical Treatments Medications Electrical Stimulation and Surgery Biomedical treatements include medicaions electrical stimulation techniques and brain surgery and directly alter the brain s chemistry or physiology Psychopharmacotherapy The use of medications to treat psychological problems Polypharmacy Prescribing many medications at the same time Electroconvulsive Therapy Medical personnel first inject a muscle relaxant and anesthetic and then administer brief electrical pulses to the patietn s brain to relieve severed depression that hasn t responded to other treatments Psychosurger Brain surgery to treat psychological disorders Pages 470 475 Coping with Stress Social Support Interpersonal relations with people groups and the larger community Gaining Control We can relieve stress by acquiring control of situations Behavioral Control The ability to step up and do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation or prevent its recurrence Cognitive Control The ability to cognitively restructure or think differently about negative emotions that arise in response to stress provoking events Decisional Control The ability to choose among alternative courses of action Informational Control The ability to acquire information about a stressful event Proactive Coping Anticipating stressful situations and taking steps to prevent or minimize difficulties before they arise Emotional Control The ability to suppress and express emotions Catharsis Disclosing painful feelings Crisis Debriefing Sigle session procedure typically conducted in groups that usually lasts three to four hours Therapists conuct this procedure within one or two days of traumatic event Includes srongly encouraging group members to discus and process their negative emotions Hardiness Hardy people view change as a challenge rather than a threat are committed to their life and work and believe they can control events Optimism Optimistic people have a rosy outlook and don t dwell on the dark side of life Spirituality The search for the sacred which may or may not extnd to belief in God
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