Energy Basic Concepts:Heat and work are means to exchange energy with surroundingsFirst Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy not created or destroyedMechanical, electrical, light, chemical, heatSecond Law of ThermodynamicsRelates to direction of spontaneous changeincreases entropyNecessary for human lifeDepletableCoal, oil, natural gasRenewableWater power and plant biomass(Solar and Wind power are neitherHuman EnergyHumans have been using Coal, Oil, and Natural gas since 18th centuryUS was at peak oil 1973, world is at peak oil nowEnergy Basic Concepts:•Heat and work are means to exchange energy with surroundingsFirst Law of Thermodynamics•Energy not created or destroyed•Mechanical, electrical, light, chemical, heatSecond Law of Thermodynamics•Relates to direction of spontaneous change•increases entropy•Necessary for human lifeDepletableCoal, oil, natural gasRenewable•Water power and plant biomass•(Solar and Wind power are neitherHuman Energy•Humans have been using Coal, Oil, and Natural gas since 18th century•US was at peak oil 1973, world is at peak oil nowNuclear power basics•Split nuclei→much heat→boil water→produce steam→drive turbine→gen. electricity•No Carbon Dioxide or greenhouse gasses•Dangerous waste to humans (radioactive, bomb material) so controversial•small amount of waste but radioact. for long time•comes from uranium oreC:H ratiowood 10:1coal 1:1oil 0.5gas 0.25hydrogen 0.0Solid→Liquid→GasesHydrogen as a fuelConverted to water when oxidized by oxygenHas to be produced!: H is always combined with other elementsWays to produce H2•From natural gas•produces CO2•Will run out eventually•Electrolysis of water•Splits water to Hydrogen and oxygenFuel Cell Cars•Reduction of CO2 emissions•Water released to atmosphere 1/10,000 as much as naturalFuelwood crisis•primary energy for 2 billion people•developing nations•1700 million tons harvested; 500 million shortageConsequences•Habitat loss•soil erosion•CO2 release•Animal manure for fuel causes decrease in soil fertility•air pollution (lung and eye)Response•reforestation•cleaner burning stoves•food crops with trees•tree legumes-fast regrowth, burns w/o toxic smokeTroposphereweather zone, mixed well by windsStratosphere18-50km, ozone, not mixed well, 1/1000 of troposphere water levelsMesosphereTemp decrease with increasing altitudeThermospherenear vacuum, impact of high energy solarAurora borealis-molecules glow after being excited (ionized)Atmosphere Chemical CompostionAncient atm.•Mostly Hydrogen and helium•CH4, H2S, NH3, CO2, and N2 from volc.•suitable for life 4.4 to 2.7 billion years agoBefore O2•photosynthesis started 3.5 billion yrs agoCarbon dixode came from respirationATM. BreakdownN2→78.08% O2→20.94 CO2→0.035CH4→0.00052 H2→0.00005•Nitrogen gas to nitrate by lightning•OXygen to water by respiration•CO2 to sugar by photosynthesis•Methane, CO2, and water warm atm. 33CLight Energy•UVC-shortest, harm DNA (majority blocked)•UVB-intermediate, Cancer•UVA-smaller of two, harmless•can all split NO in troposphere•Visible light•IR (heat)-gas trapped in atm (increase temp)SmogCatalytic Convertersturn pollutants into non hazardous gases to eliminate smogEnergy Basic Concepts:•Heat and work are means to exchange energy with surroundingsFirst Law of Thermodynamics•Energy not created or destroyed•Mechanical, electrical, light, chemical, heatSecond Law of Thermodynamics•Relates to direction of spontaneous change•increases entropy•Necessary for human lifeDepletableCoal, oil, natural gasRenewable•Water power and plant biomass•(Solar and Wind power are neitherHuman Energy•Humans have been using Coal, Oil, and Natural gas since 18th century•US was at peak oil 1973, world is at peak oil nowNuclear power basics•Split nuclei→much heat→boil water→produce steam→drive turbine→gen. electricity•No Carbon Dioxide or greenhouse gasses•Dangerous waste to humans (radioactive, bomb material) so controversial•small amount of waste but radioact. for long time•comes from uranium oreC:H ratiowood 10:1coal 1:1oil 0.5gas 0.25hydrogen 0.0Solid→Liquid→GasesHydrogen as a fuelConverted to water when oxidized by oxygenHas to be produced!: H is always combined with other elementsWays to produce H2•From natural gas•produces CO2•Will run out eventually•Electrolysis of water•Splits water to Hydrogen and oxygenFuel Cell Cars•Reduction of CO2 emissions•Water released to atmosphere 1/10,000 as much as naturalTemperature records“hockey stick” graphTemp fluctuates CO2 levels might be higher than ever nowPaleoclimate proxy data•human history•coral•fossil pollen•tree rings•ice cores (650,000 year record, amount of carbon)•There are long ice ages with short warm interglacials (every 100,000 years and last for 10,000)Milankovitch cycles•More elliptical: warmer; more circular: colder(100,000)•Less tilt: cooler summers & less melting•(41,000)•Winter solstice in North hemisphere will be in July (26,000)•Our warm period will end in several thousand years (humans might change that?)OzoneProtector in stratosphereNaturally, abosorbs UV Replenished naturallyBlocks 99% of UVPollutant in troposphereOxidant/Pollutantabsorbs IRproduced from car exhaust (NO2)worse around summerNatural formationUVC splits O2→creates ozoneOzone hole•CFC (chlorofluorocarbons) put into vortex in winter then released in spring by light to cause hole•CFCs banned by Montreal Protocol•Freon, halon, refrigerantsGreenhouse•VIS, UVA, UVB, warm earth•IR radiated back to trop•H2O>CO2>CH4>Ozone=halocarbons>N2O>CFC#1Water•0.1 at s.pole, 40,000ppmv at equator•95% of warming•natural#2 CO2•seasonal in northern hemi•from fossil fuels#3 Methane•absorbs 20 to 30 times more IR per moleculethan CO2•Unexplained decrease•Rice farms, termites, ruminants#4 Ozone (tropospheric)•Near urban areas•Increase since Ind. rev#5 CFCs•all human•long term in atm#6 nitrous oxide•product from denitrificiation•occurs in swamps, wetlands, anaerobic•long