1 st Law : energy is not created or destroyed. Conserved. Transferred. 2 nd law : spontaneous changes increase the entropy(degree of disorder) of the universe.some heat loss. It relates to the second law of thermodynamics which disfavors the natural existence of life. Living things must “pump out disorder” to maintain their complex, orderly systems.Quantifying Energy Flow: R/B, lower=more efficient. GPP via photosynthesis: near coast the NRG doubles bc of nutrients input and the upwelling zone. Peak Oil : used ½ of original reserves, one the decline, 1970’s peak. Nuclear Power : spitting of atom (nuclear fission), steam, no CO2 or other pollution, radioactive waste, production of bomb grade materials, harmful radiation, no combustion. The reasons that nuclear energy may not be a good choice, even if good for climate change, include long-lived, radioactive wastes, the production of bomb-grade plutonium as a product, unknowns about decommissioning old nuclear power plants, and concerns about malfunctions that could result in releases of harmful radiation into theenvironmentFuelwood Crisis: primary source of energy for >2 billion, mainly women and children, 2025 doubling of demand. Consequences: Deforestation (Habitat Loss, Soil Erosion), Using animal manure ( decrease in soil fertility), Lung disease. Responses: Reforestation, Community Woodlots, clean burning stoves, Agro forestry (interplanting food crops with trees, enhance fertility, erosion control) Legumes: rapid growth, burn w.o toxic smoke, source of N for soil, food for people, extreme soil conditions, renewable. Hydrogen: lightest element, easily burned, oxidized=water, produced from natural gas( CO2), naturally combined with other elements H Production: natural gases ( CO2, and will run out) Electrolysis of water (splits H and O gases, need electricity current) Fuel Cells: 2.5x more efficient than internal combustion engines, H2 goes in, atom split, electrons go into motor, O is added, and wateris the product, transforms chemical energy to hydrogen gas, to electricity. Fuel Cell cars would lease to more water in the atmosphere but only 1/10000 as natural process. The water vapor will not have any appreciable effect on global warming because the quantities emitted will be very small (could say 1/10,000 th) of the water vapor returned to the atmosphere through natural processes. The change in primary pollutants would be from unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide (could also mention carbon monoxide that come from the ICE to just water vapor from the fuel cell car. The answer cannot include secondary air pollutants, such as ozone, smog, and nitrogen dioxide from the ICE. Water Vapor: Water vapor is a powerful greenhouse gas that is responsible for 95% of the warming of the earth’s atmosphere so that the the earth is 33o C warmer than it would be otherwise. This means that most water is liquid rather than ice. Positive feedback mechanisms are related to the fact that as the earth warms, more water vapor is formed, which in turn, warms the earth more via the absorption of IR radiation, which then causes more evaporation. Human impacts on such a process would be minimal, however.Methane: Methane exists in the atmosphere in low concentrations now, and it has an IR absorbance per molecule that is more than 20 times that of carbon dioxide. It lasts around 12 years so so in the atmosphere.CO2: Carbon dioxide exists in the atmosphere at higher concentrations than methane (~ 380 ppmv), and it does not absorb IR radiation as strongly. It may persist in the atmosphere fro 1000 years.NO: Nitrous oxide concentrations are very low relative to carbon dioxide and methane, but it absorbs IR radiation 300 times more strongly than methane and carbon dioxide and may persist in the atmosphere for 100 years.These differences among the gases can be integrated to establish their relative importance as greenhouse gases, as shown in the IPCC table. Carbon dioxide is first, methane is second, and nitrous oxide is third. They need to make one, two-way comparison.Troposphere: 8-18km, high in tropics, low in poles, weather zones, 75% of mass, mixed well (hot air rises, cool air sinks), temp decrease to (-60C @ tropopause then increases) Statosphere: 18-50, temp increase w. altitude due to ozone absorption of UV radiation, ozone peaks in the middle but temp is max at stratopause, very dry, 1/10000 of water as Trop., 1000x higher ozone, not mixed well because already hotter at the top Mesosphere: 80km, not a lot of ozone Thermosphere: up to 160+ km, high temp due to solar and cosmic radiation, few molecules Ancient Atmosphere: mostly H and helium( very light), Volcanoes added CH4, H2D, NH3, no O yet. Photosynthesis added O about 3.5 billion years ago. CO2 from combustion, respiration, and decomposition of CaCO3 Reactions in Troposphere: CO2, methane and water absorb IR  warms it by about 33C, Earth would drop to -18C O3: Troposphere = pollutant (oxidant, destroys cells, smog, damages lungs absorbs IR so can be a greenhouse gas, from auto exhaust…NO2+light=O3) Stratosphere= protector (absorbs UV radiation, ozone is destroyed but replenished naturally) Ozone Hole: over south pole and southern hemisphere, up to a 90% loss, skin cancer concern, Winds move in a circular patter over south pole and O3 and CFC’ s (Cl, F, C) get sucked in to the vortex, light causes CL to be released and destroy O3. Smog: photochemical smog (light involved, obscured visability, NO, NO2, O3, and orgcanic compounds fromgas and PAN ( perxyactal nitrate, causes crop damage and makes you cry)). Catalytic Converters: CO to CO2, pollutant to non-harzardous gases, NO  N2 Global Warming: 22% of CO2 ppmv over 51 years, The Hockey Stick Graph ( Very controversial) Paleoclimatic Data: Human History, Coral, Fossil Pollen (warm weather has different plants), Tree Ring (Dry- thinner), Ice Cores Milankovitch Cycle: 1. Tilt/ Obliquity ( less tilt = cooler summers and less melting) 2. Eccentricity: circular= colder 3. Precession: how much the earth axis wobbles. The three cycles relate to how circular is the orbit of the earth around the sun (eccentricity), the tilt of the earth’ axis (obliquity), and how much the earth access wobbles (precession). In combination, the cycles influence insolation (or solar energy reaching the earth), and thereby influence temperature (or could say affect summer melting of polar ice). They may alsosay that the cycles