Lecture Guide Social Psychology Part 2 Exam 5 Gen Psych F12 Based in part on the text PsychSmart McGraw Hill 2013 Social categorization Put people in groups based on shared characteristics Generally automatic and unconscious In groups us social groups we identify with in group heterogeneity recognize we differ Out groups them groups we don t identify with out group homogeneity believe they are similar Stereotype characteristics you believe all group members share Preconceptions things you think before meeting can be wrong for group often wrong for individuals Prejudice attitude evaluation about members of a social group Generalization negative Ex Sexism Racism Can be anything Origins of Prejudice Cognitive Roots categorize and stereotype automatically Social Roots In a group bias belief in a just world Emotional Roots negative emotions nourish prejudices Realistic conflict theory When two groups are fighting over the same thing it increases the chances that they will dislike each other Scapegoat theory When we have these negative emotions we find a group with less power and take out our feelings on them Learning Theory Modeling Positive reinforcement Discrimination Treat people differently only because of social group generally deny access rights or privileges Stopping Prejudice and Discrimination 1 Education About positives and similarities CLIP 2 Laws 3 Non competitive equal status contact especially if share common issues or problems Ex Robbers Cave 1961 State Park Took 22 healthy middle school boys summer camp experience separated boys to establish strong group identities competitive events fights name calling etc put groups together in non competitive environment and there was still the same attitudes forced to worked together on project out of necessity attitudes changed order for project to finish see change in attitude Jigsaw Classroom everyone has to be included in Equal status contact Put people in a situation where no one is in charge or where everyone is equal see less prejudice and discrimination Prosocial behavior Helping others Altruism help with no expectation of reward may involve risk of harm Ex One type helping a stranger When do we help a stranger in need 9 factors 1 We notice many not aware 2 Clearly a need ambiguous 3 We take responsibility Bystander effect more people around less likely to help result of group consensus and diffusion of responsibility 7 Female in need especially males and attractive females 4 We know how 5 Low risk to us 6 Good mood 8 Same race ethnicity 9 Is it the victims fault Social Relationships We are social beings relationships are central to our lives they provide some of best and worst parts of life Stages or Phases of Relationships A Initial Attraction 3 factors underlie initial attraction between strangers 1 Proximity more likely to get involved with people we are physically near 2 Familiarity we begin to like things we are exposed to repeatedly mere exposure effect exception If you really don t like it when you first are exposed to it 3 Physical Attractiveness Key role in romance and friendships Important but not the most important factor Matching hypothesis Exception Female friendships B Getting acquainted 3 factors impact viability of relationships 1 Reciprocal liking we tend to like people we think like us 2 Similarity likely to like people who are similar to us Age Education SES Values Ethnicity Religion Politics Physical Appearance Personality Interests Etc 3 Desirable personality characteristics For life partners personal qualities are more important than physical traits What are they C Maintaining Relationships Social Exchange Theory why we stay and why we go Process 1 We assess cost and benefits What we get what we give What are some 2 We determine relationship outcome What is the balance 3 We determine relationship satisfaction Compare outcome to expectations We accept different balances based on expectations past others fantasy fiction 4 We look at our commitment investments and alternatives General Psychology Lecture notes for Friday November 30 2012 List and define the 3 components of love according to Sternberg Most agree love is more than a lot of liking So what is it Sternberg examines 3 components of relationships He states that all relationships consist of varying amounts of these three components passion motivational force intensity desire sexual chemistry intimacy emotional component closeness warmth sharing commitment cognitive component decisions to stay or not Different combinations create different types of relationships there are 8 possible you only need to know the following 3 for class Can you distinguish between romantic love companionate love and consummate love Romantic passion and intimacy many dating relationships before commitment Companionate intimacy and commitment many marriages after the passion fades close friendships Consummate All 3 passion intimacy and commitment what many Americans strive for in love Relationships can change types over time as the various amounts of the components grow and fade What determines satisfaction in a relationship in this model of love which relationships are happiest The happiest relationships are the ones where both people are getting what they want from the relationship problems occur when one part of the couple wants something different than the other So there is not a happiest type it is a happiest situation We are pretty optimistic about Love What of people marry Greater than 90 What divorce About 40 45 What remarry are willing to try again 75 average about 4 years later What are some of the most common reasons given for divorce Both men and women list incompatibility basic unhappiness communication problems Women more likely than men to report infidelity by partner substance abuse by partner emotional abuse and or physical abuse Can you predict divorce with any accuracy what might be the one exception to this No although we know some risk factors for divorce like age differences parents divorced etc the relationship is not that strong and there are many exceptions The only possible good predictor of divorce right now is contempt feelings of disgust and superiority when you see that a marriage is generally in trouble In terms of communication problems it has been noted that often it is not communication skills that are lacking in couples but a motivation to use them As a result John Gottman and many other therapists look for evidence of disrupted
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