Psychology Exam 3 Lecture 1 Development Part 1 I II Developmental Psychology a Universal aspects of lifespan development from conception through death Identifies cultural variations b Explores physical cognitive social and emotional development Prenatal Development a Germinal Phase conception 2 weeks i Zygote fertilized egg ii Placenta Structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into fetus from mother s bloodstream allows waste to pass out b Embryonic Stage 2 8 weeks i Head face and neck develop ii Buds for limbs form and grow iii Major organs digestive system differentiating iv Heartbeat begins c Fetal Stage 8 weeks birth i 3rd month 1 Digestive organs begin to function 2 Buds for teeth form 3 Sex organs develop rapidly 4 Arms Fingers move ii 4th Month iii 5th Month 1 Face looks human 2 Lower body outgrows head 3 Bones are defined 1 Fingernails and toenails appear 2 Lanugo fine wooly hair over body 3 Vernix way coating collects 1 Eyebrows Lashes well defined 2 Eyes completely formed 1 Fetus capable of life outside uterus iv 6th Month v 7th Month vi 8th 9th Month 1 Fat is deposited for later use 2 Fingernails beyond fingertips 3 Lanugo is shed 4 Myelination of brain takes place 5 Chief organs increase functioning 6 Vernix covers body III Physical Development a Cephalocaudal head to feet b Proximodistal center moving outward c Teratogens harmful toxins that affect development resulting in defect damage or anomaly i Important concepts with teratogens Page 1 of 24 1 Dose 2 Genetics Heredity stability 3 Interaction with environmental influences stress nutrition lack of medical care 4 Age of organism at exposure ii Teratogens Agents 1 Drugs Chemicals a Increased understanding of the role of prenatal exposure to drugs on the developing child Thalidomide a Prolonged stressed linked with prematurity and low birth weight 2 Stress 3 Smoking Increases fetal activity a Mild stimulant b c Low birth weight d Increased SIDS Sudden Instant Death Syndrome 4 Marijuana a Low birth weight b Disturbed sleep in newborns c Reduced attention to environment 5 Heroin a Premature birth weight b Tremulous behavior c Poor sleep d Poor sucking and feeding e Risk of SIDS 6 Cocaine crack babies 7 Alcohol a Premature size weight b Tremulous c High pitched crying d Respiratory regurgitation problems e Rigidity f Withdrawal Symptoms g Deformities a Leading teratogen in the United States causing mental retardation b Physical Symptoms i Growth Retardation ii Head Facial abnormalities iii Microcephaly iv Skeletal v Brain Heart Damage c Behavioral Symptoms i Poor impulse control ii Poor attention iii Hyperactivity and cognitive effects Page 2 of 24 iv Fetal Alcohol Effects some symptoms of FAS but less physical symptoms ARND iii Comorbidity Abuse of multiple substances likely d Paternal age may be a factor in birth defects and or certain developmental disabilities e Reflexes and sensory abilities of newborns infants i Vision 1 Poor fixation ability 2 Limited ability to discriminate color 3 Estimated visual acuity of between 20 200 and 20 400 4 Preference for human faces ii Hearing 1 Fetus can hear sounds around 6 months in utero 2 Recognize mother s voice 1 Both present at birth preference for sweet 1 Heat Cold Pressure and Pain all present at birth iii Taste Smell iv Touch v Reflexes 1 Inborn automatic responses to a particular form of stimulation 2 Rooting Reflex a Survival value stroke check and baby will turn head toward the stimulation 3 Stepping reflex a Basis for complex motor skills with bare feet touching floor infant will mimic a stepping response disappears around 2 months a Place a finger in mouth and baby will suck 4 Sucking Reflex permits feeding 5 Eye Blink Reflex a Shine a bright light or clap they will close eyelids protects from strong stimulation 6 Babinski Reflex a Stroke the heel to see reactions of the toes which flex fan out normal in infants if persists can indicate neurological problems vi Gross and Fine Motor Development 1 Individual Differences exist normative expectations for these skills and abilities often called milestones i Gross Motor walk rhythmically jump hop push a riding ii Fine Motor remove simple clothing items start to use a f Ages 2 3 toy with feet spoon g Ages 3 4 Page 3 of 24 i Gross Motor walks upstairs alternating feet catches ball by trapping in chest rides a tricycle ii Fine Motor fasten unfasten large buttons uses scissors copies lines circles draws tadpole person h Ages 4 5 i Gross Motor walks downstairs alternating feet runs smoothly catches ball with hands rapid smooth steering ii Fine Motor uses a fork cuts with scissors on lines copies triangles and some letters i Gross Motor increases running speed true skipping ride i Ages 5 6 bicycle ii Fine Motor uses knife to cut food tie shoes draw 6 part person copies words and numbers j Gender Differences i Boys ahead of girls in force and power girls ahead in fine motor and gross motor skills which involve good balance IV Temperament a Relatively constant basic disposition which is inherent in a person that underlies and modulates his her behavior b Thomas Chess i Identified three basic temperaments for infants difficult slow to warm and easy 1 Difficult 10 a Often wail cry and are negative in new situations eat and sleep irregularly 2 Slow to Warm Up 15 a Often inactive adapt slowly and can be withdrawn and show a negative mood 3 Easy 40 4 Mixture 35 a Cheerful adaptable easily establish routines ii Goodness of Fit the match between the characteristics of the infant and his her family is critical to development Some are better matches than others V Interactions between genetics and environment is key with temperament a Attachment the affectional bond between an infant and its caretaker i Studied by Ainsworth in her attachment paradigm still being used today ii The strange situation allows researchers to assess attachment relationships iii Basic premises regarding attachment 1 Infants express their wish to be attached by wishing to be close to their caretaker and showing signs of distress when their caretaker departs 2 This emotional upset is called separation anxiety iv Mothers are the most common first object of attachment Page 4 of 24 v Initial attachments can occur with mother and with another person at the same time vi The number of a child s attachments increase rapidly vii Stranger Anxiety develops when infants are around 6 7 months ending around 18 months If a stranger approaches the infant becomes afraid